STM Daily News
Pagers and walkie-talkies over cellphones – a security expert explains why Hezbollah went low-tech for communications
The synchronized explosion of pagers and walkie-talkies in Lebanon in 2024 targeted Hezbollah, demonstrating the vulnerabilities and tracking capabilities of communication devices.
Richard Forno, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Electronic pagers across Lebanon exploded simultaneously on Sept. 17, 2024, killing 12 and wounding more than 2,700. The following day, another wave of explosions in the country came from detonating walkie-talkies. The attacks appeared to target members of the militant group Hezbollah.
The pagers attack involved explosives planted in the communications devices by Israeli operatives, according to U.S. officials cited by The New York Times. Hezbollah had recently ordered a shipment of pagers, according to the report.
Secretly attacking the supply chain is not a new technique in intelligence and military operations. For example, the U.S. National Security Agency intercepted computer hardware bound for overseas customers, inserted malware or other surveillance tools and then repackaged them for delivery to certain foreign buyers, a 2010 NSA internal document showed. This differs from accessing a specific person’s device, such as when Israel’s Shin Bet secretly inserted explosives into a cellphone to remotely kill a Hamas bombmaker in 1996.
Hezbollah, a longtime adversary of Israel, had increased its use of pagers in the wake of the Hamas attack on Israel on Oct. 7, 2023. By shifting to relatively low-tech communication devices, including pagers and walkie-talkies, Hezbollah apparently sought an advantage against Israel’s well-known sophistication in tracking targets through their phones.
Cellphones: The ultimate tracker
As a former cybersecurity professional and current security researcher, I view cellular devices as the ultimate tracking tool for both government and commercial entities – in addition to users, criminals and the mobile phone provider itself. As a result, mobile phone tracking has contributed to the fight against terrorism, located missing people and helped solve crimes.
Conversely, mobile phone tracking makes it easy for anyone to record a person’s most intimate movements. This can be done for legitimate purposes such as parents tracking children’s movements, helping you find your car in a parking lot, and commercial advertising, or nefarious ends such as remotely spying on a lover suspected of cheating or tracking political activists and journalists. Even the U.S. military remains concerned with how its soldiers might be tracked by their phones.
Mobile device tracking is conducted in several ways. First, there is the network location data generated by the phone as it moves past local cell towers or Stingray devices, which law enforcement agencies use to mimic cell towers. Then there are the features built into the phone’s operating system or enabled by downloaded apps that may lead to highly detailed user tracking, which users unwittingly agree to by ignoring the software’s privacy policy or terms of service.
This collected data is sometimes sold to governments or other companies for additional data mining and user profiling. And modern smartphones also have built-in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and GPS capabilities that can help with locating and tracking user movements around the world, both from the ground and via satellites. https://www.youtube.com/embed/CxC1KCoGbIM?wmode=transparent&start=0 Your phone contains many sensors that make it useful – and easy to track.
Mobile devices can be tracked in real time or close to it. Common technical methods include traditional radio direction-finding techniques, using intelligence satellites or drones, deploying “man in the middle” tools like Stingrays to impersonate cellular towers to intercept and isolate device traffic, or installing malware such as Pegasus, made by Israeli cyberarms company NSO to report a device’s location.
Nontechnical and slower techniques of user tracking include potentially identifying general user locations from their internet activity. This can be done from website logs or the metadata contained in content posted to social media, or contracting with data brokers to receive any collected location data from the apps that a user might install on their device.
Indeed, because of these vulnerabilities, the leader of Hezbollah earlier this year advised his members to avoid using cellular phones in their activities, noting that Israel’s “surveillance devices are in your pockets. If you are looking for the Israeli agent, look at the phone in your hands and those of your wives and children.”
Researchers have shown how these features, often intended for the user’s convenience, can be used by governments, companies and criminals to track people in their daily lives and even predict movements. Many people still aren’t aware of how much their mobile devices disclose about them.
Pagers, however, unlike mobile phones, can be harder to track depending on whether they support two-way communication.
Why go low-tech
A pager that only receives messages does not provide a signal that can facilitate tracking its owner. Therefore, Hezbollah’s use of pagers likely made it more challenging to track their operatives – thus motivating Israeli intelligence services’ purported attack on the supply chain of Hezbollah’s pagers.
Using low-tech tactics and personal couriers while avoiding the use of mobile phones and digital tools also made it difficult for the technologically superior Western intelligence agencies to locate Osama bin Laden for years after the 9/11 attacks.
In general, I believe the adversary in an asymmetric conflict using low-tech techniques, tactics and technology will almost always be able to operate successfully against a more powerful and well-funded opponent.
A well-documented demonstration of this asymmetry in action was the U.S. military’s Millennium Challenge war game in 2002. Among other things, the insurgent Red forces, led by Marine General Paul van Riper, used low-tech tactics including motorcycle couriers instead of cellphones to evade the Blue forces’ high-tech surveillance. In the initial run of the exercise, the Red team won the contest in 24 hours, forcing exercise planners to controversially reset and update the scenario to ensure a Blue team victory.
Lessons for everyone
The preference for terrorist organizations like Hezbollah and al-Qaida to avoid using smartphones is a reminder for everyone that you can be, and likely are being tracked in various ways and for various purposes.
Israel’s purported response to Hezbollah’s actions also holds a lesson for everyone. From a cybersecurity perspective, it shows that any device in your life can be tampered with by an adversary at points along the supply chain – long before you even receive it.
Richard Forno, Principal Lecturer in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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Great news for the residents of south-central Phoenix! As of November, 2024, Valley Metro has officially begun testing trains on the highly anticipated South Central Extension of the light rail. This new 5.5-mile route is set to enhance access to public transportation, connecting downtown Phoenix all the way to Baseline Road—bringing convenience and mobility to more neighborhoods than ever before!
Connecting Communities
The South Central Extension is more than just a transportation project; it’s a lifeline for connecting communities within Phoenix. By bridging the gap between downtown and southern areas of the city, Valley Metro aims to provide a seamless travel experience for commuters, students, and visitors alike. With access points along Washington and Jefferson streets, as well as 1st, 3rd, and Central avenues, this expansion is set to make daily commuting smoother and more efficient.
Safety First!
As trains start to roll out during this initial testing phase, safety remains a top priority. Valley Metro has issued important safety tips for both pedestrians and motorists to ensure everyone stays safe throughout the process:
- Follow Traffic Signals: Always obey traffic signals and make use of designated crosswalks when crossing streets near the light rail.
- Stay Alert: Listen for warning signals and train sounds. Light rail trains can approach quickly and quietly, so being attentive is crucial.
- Keep Off the Tracks: Remember, light rail trains are designed to be silent, making it easy to overlook them. Avoid standing on or near the tracks—stay safe and keep a respectful distance.
- Platform Access: Please refrain from entering the new station platforms during this testing phase as they are currently closed. Your safety and the safety of our testing crews is paramount.
Get Ready for 2025!
As testing ramps up towards the projected opening in mid-2025, excitement is building across the city. Whether you commute for work, school, or leisure, the South Central Extension promises to provide more accessible and efficient public transportation options. It’s a step forward in creating a more connected and vibrant Phoenix!
Stay tuned for updates from Valley Metro regarding the progress of the South Central Extension, and let’s celebrate the strides we’re taking towards a more connected, sustainable future. Phoenix, your public transport experience is about to get a whole lot better! 🚆✨
Related articles:
https://www.valleymetro.org/project/south-central-extension-downtown-hub
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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Valley Metro Seeks Artist for Commemorative Poster for South Central Extension/Downtown Hub Opening
PHOENIX — In an exciting initiative to celebrate the upcoming opening of the South Central Extension/Downtown Hub light rail project, Valley Metro is calling on local artists to showcase their creativity by designing a commemorative poster. This significant 5.5-mile extension will connect south Phoenix to the Valley’s ever-evolving light rail system, running from Central Avenue to Baseline Road, and is set to enhance public transportation accessibility for residents, expected to launch later this year.
The South Central Extension will add eight new stations and two park-and-ride facilities, making public transit a more viable option for thousands of commuters in metro Phoenix. Valley Metro hopes to highlight this development not only as a means of transportation but also as a bridge strengthening community ties. To achieve this vision, the public transportation authority is particularly interested in artwork that reflects the culture and heritage of south Central and downtown Phoenix.
Artists aged 18 and over can apply through the Articipant platform, a vibrant community dedicated to Arizona artists. It’s important to note that while artists can submit their applications on Articipant, they are not required to submit proposals at this stage. Interested artists have until 5 p.m. on January 24 to submit their applications, so time is of the essence!
The selected winning artwork is envisioned to encapsulate the spirit of the South Central Extension and its significance to the community it serves. Additionally, the project will feature public art installations throughout the new transit hub, further enriching the urban landscape of downtown Phoenix.
This is more than just a poster; it’s a chance for artists to contribute to a momentous occasion in Phoenix’s public transportation narrative. By centering local talent and community heritage, Valley Metro is creating a meaningful connection between art and accessibility—cementing the role of the light rail as a vital resource for the neighborhoods it serves.
Artists looking to apply must be at least 18 years old and a registered Articipant with Artlink Inc. Signing up to be an Articipant is free. With the support of Artlink Inc., artists should submit their applications through the Artlink website. Artists must submit their qualifications, not proposals. Applicants must also demonstrate a connection to the South Central and/or Downtown Phoenix communities. This call for artists closes at 11:59 p.m. on Wednesday, January 24, 2025.
For more information about this call for artists and the Valley Metro Artsline program visit valleymetro.org/artsline.
For more Valley Metro information, visit:
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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Urbanism
A Blueprint for Better Bike Lanes: Revolutionizing Urban Mobility
The focus on urban bicycle infrastructure has grown, emphasizing community engagement and comprehensive design through resources like the updated Bike Lanes Design Guide, promoting safe, accessible streets for diverse cycling options across U.S. cities.
In recent years, the discussion surrounding urban infrastructure has shifted gears, with a notable focus on developing better bicycle lanes. According to Bloomberg, protected bike lanes have transitioned from a niche interest to a core component of urban design across numerous U.S. cities. At the forefront of this cycling renaissance is an updated traffic engineering guidebook from the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), inviting cities to think even bigger about bike infrastructure.
Listening to the Community: A Tailored Approach
One of the vital lessons drawn from the bike plan implemented in Oakland, California, highlights the importance of community involvement in creating effective bike infrastructure. Ryan Russo, head of the city’s transportation department, embarked on a journey in 2019 to develop a plan that not only connected the city’s bike enthusiasts but also engaged historically underserved neighborhoods. In areas like East Oakland, where many residents rely on cars or public transit, the vision of bike lanes was often marred by misconceptions: were they a sign of impending gentrification? Would they genuinely enhance residents’ ability to get around?
By actively listening to community concerns, Russo and his team recognized that merely installing bike lanes would not suffice. A holistic approach was essential—one that involved not only the addition of protected bike lanes on major roads but also improvements to road conditions, sidewalks, and overall accessibility to create a true network of safe streets. This meant incorporating elements such as speed bumps, roundabouts, and limited vehicle access zones, all aimed at fostering an environment where biking could thrive school-wide.
A Comprehensive Guide for Better Infrastructure
The newly released Urban Bikeway Design Guide stands as a testament to this comprehensive approach. Nearly double the length of its predecessor, the guide encapsulates a decade’s worth of innovation in bike infrastructure design. It introduces concepts like contra-flow bike lanes, protected intersections, and bus boarding islands—all designed to make cycling a viable transportation choice for people of all ages and abilities.
The guide serves as much more than a catalog of design options; it’s also a strategic framework that can help cities navigate the complexities of urban cycling infrastructure. By showing how bike lanes can enhance safety not just for cyclists but all street users, the guide positions bike infrastructure as a crucial element in mitigating traffic injuries and fatalities, aligning with broader public safety initiatives.
Building Public Trust and Support
Moreover, the guide provides essential political insights and outreach strategies to help advocates gain support for bike lanes from often skeptical communities. Rebranding initiatives, such as Oakland’s transition from “East Oakland Neighborhood Bike Routes” to “Calm East Oakland Streets,” signals a shift in priorities towards creating safe, slow-moving streets that cater to pedestrians and cyclists alike while also supporting local businesses.
Accommodating a New Era of Cycling
The guide also addresses the surge in diverse cycling options, including e-bikes, cargo bikes, and scooters. As cycling evolves, so too must our infrastructure. Wider lanes and street treatments tailored for these vehicles can help manage the interactions between different cyclist types and reduce friction among users, thus promoting a more inclusive cycling culture.
A Vision for the Future
Cities across the United States are already witnessing the fruits of these renewed efforts. From New York City adding over 600 miles of cycling infrastructure to breakthroughs in seemingly bike-unfriendly locales, the movement for safer, comprehensive biking networks is gathering momentum. As advocates like Janette Sadik-Khan emphasize, this is a unique opportunity for cities to redefine street design and take significant steps towards solving pressing issues like climate change and urban affordability.
Ultimately, the updated Urban Bikeway Design Guide does more than just provide a mechanical blueprint; it outlines a vision for the future of urban mobility—one that accommodates bikes and other forms of transit in a safe, integrated manner. By embracing these ideas, cities can create not just bike lanes, but beautiful, livable streets that foster community engagement, encourage sustainable transportation, and promote a healthier and happier populace.
In a world increasingly characterized by urban sprawl and traffic congestion, it’s time to embrace cycling as a fundamental piece of the transportation puzzle—one that connects communities and creates vibrant urban landscapes. Happy riding!
The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose by highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
https://stmdailynews.com/the-bridge
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