Forgotten Genius Fridays | STM Daily News

Before the Tuskegee Airmen challenged segregation in the skies over World War II, another barrier was being broken within the ranks of the United States Army.

His name was Benjamin O. Davis Sr.

On October 25, 1940, Davis was promoted to brigadier general, becoming the first African American general officer in the Regular Army and the U.S. armed forces. His promotion represented an extraordinary milestone in a military that was still officially segregated.

But Davis’s story didn’t begin with stars on his shoulders.

It began more than four decades earlier.

From Volunteer to Buffalo Soldier

Born in Washington, D.C., on July 1, 1877, Davis entered military service during the Spanish-American War in 1898, serving as a temporary first lieutenant with the 8th United States Volunteer Infantry.

After that unit was mustered out, Davis made a consequential decision. In June 1899, he enlisted as a private in the Regular Army’s 9th Cavalry Regiment.

The 9th Cavalry was one of the famed Black regiments whose soldiers became widely known as the Buffalo Soldiers.

Davis quickly advanced through the enlisted ranks, becoming a corporal and then squadron sergeant major. In February 1901, he received a commission as a second lieutenant of cavalry in the Regular Army.

His journey through the ranks had begun.

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Serving an Army That Wasn’t Equal

Davis would serve his country for decades, but his career unfolded inside an institution constrained by racial segregation.

Assignments available to Black officers were limited, particularly because military practices sought to prevent Black officers from commanding white soldiers. Davis consequently spent portions of his career teaching military science at historically Black institutions, including Wilberforce University and Tuskegee Institute, and served as a military attaché in Liberia.

These assignments were important, but they also reflected the racial restrictions under which Black Army officers served.

Despite those obstacles, Davis continued advancing.

He became a lieutenant colonel in 1920 and a colonel in 1930.

Then came 1940.

A Star That Made History

On October 25, 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted Benjamin O. Davis Sr. to brigadier general.

For the first time, a Black officer wore a general’s star in the Regular Army.

The significance extended beyond Davis himself. Black Americans had served in the nation’s armed forces from its earliest conflicts, yet the highest levels of military leadership had remained closed to them.

Davis had broken through that barrier.

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Yet the military remained segregated.

Becoming a general did not make segregation disappear.

Instead, Davis would spend part of World War II confronting some of its consequences.

A General Confronts Discrimination

During World War II, Davis served with the Army’s Inspector General organization and undertook assignments involving the conditions and treatment of Black troops.

He traveled extensively, investigated problems affecting soldiers and units, and advised military leaders on matters involving Black servicemen.

His work took him overseas as well. In 1942, he was sent to the European Theater on special duty concerning issues affecting Black troops. He later served in Paris as special assistant to the commanding general of the Communications Zone.

His Distinguished Service Medal citation credited his investigations and advice with helping produce fairer solutions to problems involving soldiers and contributing to broader War Department policy.

Davis therefore occupied an unusual position.

He was simultaneously a senior officer in the United States Army and a Black American serving inside a military whose segregation policies continued to restrict people who looked like him.

Then Came His Son

There is another remarkable dimension to the Benjamin O. Davis story.

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While Davis Sr. was breaking barriers within the Army, his son was preparing to break barriers in the air.

Benjamin O. Davis Jr. graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1936 after enduring years of racial isolation from fellow cadets. He would later become a military pilot and eventually command both the 99th Fighter Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group, becoming one of the most important leaders associated with the Tuskegee Airmen.

For a period, father and son represented an extraordinary rarity within the U.S. military: two Black career officers operating at a time when opportunities for Black commissioned officers remained severely restricted.

Their stories would eventually become intertwined with one of the most important experiments in American military history.

The Tuskegee Airmen.

Fifty Years of Service

Benjamin O. Davis Sr. retired from active military service on July 14, 1948, completing approximately 50 years of service.

Less than two weeks later, on July 26, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981, declaring a policy of equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed services regardless of race, color, religion or national origin.

The transformation of the military would take years.

But Davis had spent much of his career pushing against the barriers that made such a transformation necessary.

He died on November 26, 1970, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

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Among his decorations were the Distinguished Service Medal, Bronze Star Medal, France’s Croix de Guerre with Palm, and Liberia’s Order of the Star of Africa.

Why Benjamin O. Davis Sr. Matters

It would be easy to remember Benjamin O. Davis Sr. simply as the first Black general in American military history.

But his significance runs deeper.

He rose from private to general in an institution that placed substantial racial barriers in his path. He served with the Buffalo Soldiers, educated future officers, represented the United States overseas and advised military leaders about the treatment of Black troops during World War II.

And his story became the first chapter of an extraordinary father-and-son legacy.

Benjamin O. Davis Sr. broke one barrier.

His son would soon take the fight into the skies.

Next in our special series: The Tuskegee Airmen — The Red Tails Who Fought Two Wars.

Then, on the following Forgotten Genius Friday, we’ll tell the remarkable story of Benjamin O. Davis Jr.—from four years of isolation at West Point to commanding the Tuskegee Airmen and ultimately wearing four stars.

Forgotten Genius Fridays is an STM Daily News series highlighting innovators, pioneers and historical figures whose achievements deserve a larger place in our collective memory.

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Sources & Related Reading

Primary source: U.S. Army Center of Military History — Benjamin O. Davis Sr. — detailed official chronology of his Army service and historic promotion. 

Biography: National Museum of the United States Army — Benjamin O. Davis Sr. — particularly useful for his Buffalo Soldier service, segregation-era assignments and World War II work. 

Related: National Park Service — Benjamin O. Davis Jr. — provides the bridge to the next generation and the Tuskegee Airmen. 

Last Updated on September 17, 2026 by Daily News Staff

HOLLYWOOD, Calif. — Paramount’s century-long connection to Hollywood could be facing one of its biggest challenges yet, as the entertainment giant reportedly prepares for the possibility of moving major operations out of California amid an escalating legal battle over its proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery.

Paramount has informed the offices of Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass and California Attorney General Rob Bonta that it is prepared to formally announce plans to leave California, according to reporting Wednesday from TheWrap. Paramount has not formally announced a relocation, and a company spokesperson declined to comment to the publication.

The potential move centers on Paramount Skydance’s proposed approximately $110 billion acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery, a deal being challenged on antitrust grounds by California and a coalition of 11 other states, along with a separate challenge from the Writers Guild of America. California Attorney General Rob Bonta argues that combining the two entertainment companies could reduce competition, potentially leading to higher prices and fewer choices for consumers.

A court agreement currently prevents Paramount and Warner Bros. Discovery from completing the merger until June 1, 2027, or until after a court decision on the states’ claims, whichever comes first. The antitrust case is scheduled for trial in March 2027.

Paramount’s Hollywood Future

At the center of the controversy is Paramount’s historic studio complex at 5555 Melrose Avenue in Hollywood, one of the entertainment industry’s most recognizable properties.

The Los Angeles Times reported that Paramount CEO David Ellison has told associates that he would prefer to remain in Los Angeles. However, Paramount’s board has reportedly approved a contingency plan that could move the company’s headquarters out of Hollywood, and Ellison has indicated that the company is prepared to sell its historic studio properties and relocate operations if the merger remains stalled.

Tennessee, Texas and Georgia have emerged in reports as potential destinations should Paramount ultimately decide to relocate.

The financial pressure is significant. Beginning October 1, Paramount faces a roughly $7 million-per-day additional payment obligation tied to delays in completing the Warner Bros. Discovery transaction. Paramount has asked the federal court to require the states and the Writers Guild of America to post a $1.88 billion bond to cover potential costs associated with the delay.

What’s at Stake for Los Angeles?

A Paramount departure could extend far beyond the loss of a famous Hollywood address.

An economic analysis cited by TheWrap estimates that a large-scale Paramount departure could put as many as 57,980 full-time jobs, $21.2 billion in annual economic output and approximately $1.17 billion in state and local tax revenue at risk. Those figures represent an economic-impact scenario rather than a prediction that all of those losses would necessarily occur.

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There are competing concerns about the merger itself. Los Angeles County analysis has estimated that completing the Paramount-Warner Bros. combination could also eliminate thousands of entertainment and related jobs because of consolidation. Opponents of the merger, including entertainment unions, have raised concerns about reduced competition and employment, while supporters argue that reaching a settlement could help prevent Paramount from moving operations out of California.

Mayor Bass has said she remains focused on protecting Los Angeles entertainment jobs and keeping Hollywood’s entertainment industry centered in the city. Bonta’s office, meanwhile, has maintained that California will continue enforcing its antitrust laws while remaining open to good-faith discussions.

For now, the gates at Paramount remain firmly planted on Melrose Avenue.

Settlement Talks Scheduled

There is still an opportunity for the dispute to be resolved before Paramount makes a final decision about its California operations.

Paramount Skydance and representatives for California Attorney General Rob Bonta are scheduled to participate in court-ordered settlement talks on October 14 and 15. The discussions could potentially resolve the antitrust dispute and clear a path for Paramount’s proposed Warner Bros. Discovery acquisition.

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For now, Paramount has made no official announcement that it is leaving California. The company declined to comment on reports Wednesday that it was preparing to announce a departure.

That leaves the future of Paramount’s Hollywood operations — including its historic Melrose Avenue studio — uncertain as the legal and financial pressure surrounding the merger continues to build.uilding around the Warner Bros. Discovery deal, the question of whether one of Hollywood’s most historic studios will continue calling California home has moved from speculation to a potentially consequential decision for Los Angeles and its entertainment industry.

STM Daily News will continue monitoring the Paramount-Warner Bros. Discovery dispute and what it could mean for Hollywood, entertainment workers and the future of film and television production in California.

Source and Related Reading

• California Attorney General — Agreement Halting Paramount/Warner Bros. Merger — Primary source explaining the states’ antitrust challenge and agreement delaying completion of the merger. 
• Los Angeles Times — Paramount and Bonta Ordered Into Settlement Talks — Reports the October 14–15 settlement meetings and current state of the dispute.
• Los Angeles Times — Paramount’s Possible Hollywood Exit — Detailed reporting on the relocation contingency, potential destinations and implications for Los Angeles. 
• Reuters — DOJ Backs Bond Demand in Paramount-Warner Fight — Covers the $1.88 billion bond dispute, $7 million daily fee and March trial. 
• TheWrap — Paramount Preps California Exit — Reports the latest developments surrounding Paramount’s potential departure. 

A new real-world study of adults over age 55 with overweight or obesity found that sustained use of Zepbound (tirzepatide) for weight management was associated with lower healthcare costs over time compared with similar adults who were not treated. Eli Lilly and Company said the findings were driven in part by lower rates of hospital admissions and emergency department visits, and were published in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.

What the study found

According to Lilly, researchers estimated healthcare cost differences over time (excluding the cost of Zepbound itself) using two established analytic methods. Across both approaches, monthly healthcare costs were lower, on average, among older adults who stayed on Zepbound.

Key estimates reported in the release include:

• At six months: costs were up to 15% lower (up to $181 per patient, per month).
• At 12 months: the estimated difference widened to as much as $607 per patient, per month, reflecting up to 38% lower costs than those not treated (estimates varied by model).

In the primary analysis, adults over 55 treated with Zepbound had lower rates of hospital admissions and emergency department visits across every follow-up period, along with numerically higher rates of routine outpatient and office visitsa pattern the company said was consistent with greater engagement in routine care.

Why Medicare is part of the conversation

Lilly said the cost findings may be relevant for older adults, including those in Medicares GLP-1 Bridge program. The company noted that beginning at six months, estimated healthcare savings nearly covered the programs monthly treatment cost of $195 per patient, per month, and by 12 months the estimated savings exceeded the reported monthly treatment cost.

Its important to note the release also emphasizes a limitation: claims data do not capture Zepbounds net price, and the study excluded the cost of Zepbound from total treatment costs. That means the reported differences reflect potential savings elsewhere in care that could offset treatment costs, not the full net cost impact.

Who was included in the analysis

The retrospective observational cohort study used Komodos Healthcare Map, a database of de-identified claims data from more than 330 million individuals enrolled in U.S. healthcare plans. The analysis included 15,843 adults over age 55 (mean age 64.5) with obesity or overweight plus at least one obesity-related complication who initiated Zepbound between November 2023 and September 2025. Each Zepbound user was matched 1:1 with a control participant who met the same eligibility criteria but did not initiate GLP-1 or GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist medication.

What Zepbound is

Zepbound (tirzepatide) is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist indicated for adults with obesity, or some adults with overweight who also have at least one weight-related medical problem, to lose weight and keep it off. Lilly also noted Zepbound is FDA-approved to treat adults with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and obesity, and should be used alongside a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

Safety summary (high level)

The release includes an indications and safety summary with warnings. Among other risks, Lilly notes Zepbound carries a warning about thyroid tumors, including thyroid cancer, and may cause serious side effects such as severe stomach problems, dehydration leading to kidney problems, gallbladder problems, pancreatitis, serious allergic reactions, and low blood sugar (especially when used with certain diabetes medicines). Patients should talk with a healthcare provider about risks and whether the medication is appropriate for them.

Related Links

• Zepbound (official product site): https://zepbound.lilly.com/
• Lilly newsroom: https://www.lilly.com/news
• Journal page (publisher hub): https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14631326
• Medicare (official): https://www.medicare.gov/
• FDA MedWatch (side effect reporting): https://www.fda.gov/medwatch

Source

• PRNewswire / Eli Lilly and Company press release (Aug. 26, 2026): Zepbound linked to lower healthcare costs in adults over age 55 with obesity according to a real-world study

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