News
Research looks to transform manure into protein
Last Updated on September 7, 2025 by Daily News Staff
Texas A&M AgriLife Research focuses on environmental impact of turning waste into a resource
Newswise — Can you turn manure into a cow, chicken or fish? Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists are looking to do just that, in a roundabout, circular economy, kind of way.
A three-year, $618,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute for Food and Agriculture is funding a study by scientists in the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Science Department of Entomology and Mississippi State University to explore dairy manure clean-up via black soldier flies. The team would then examine the flies’ value as a potential ingredient in livestock, poultry and aquaculture feed.
The project will concentrate on both environmental health and economic benefits of converting dairy waste into protein that could be used for feed. Early data indicate probiotics could be used to accelerate the digestive process in fed animals, increase conversion of waste to insect biomass, decrease greenhouse gases and noxious odors, and reduce concerns about pathogens that might be present in the manure.
The study will be led by Jeff Tomberlin, Ph.D., professor, AgriLife Research Fellow, Presidential Impact Fellow and Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming director, and Anjel Helms, Ph.D., an assistant professor and chemical ecologist, both in the Department of Entomology.
Heather Jordan, Ph.D., associate professor and microbiologist at Mississippi State University, will examine the resulting larvae and frass, which is the material remaining after larvae digest manure, for microbial diversity and feed safety. Helms’ postdoctoral research associate Amber MacInnis, Ph.D., will lead the day-to-day data collection with the help of students.
“We’re testing the limits of black soldier fly production in conjunction with probiotics to see how efficient they could be for large animal production facilities, in this case dairies,” Helms said. “Manure management is an expense to these producers, and we are testing to see if this is a way to manage that waste and turn it into a productive feed source.”
Turning an expense into a resource
Black soldier fly larvae consume their weight in organic waste daily for a two-week period – around 1 gram or the weight of a single raisin per larva. That may sound insignificant, but those amounts add up when multiplied by millions of black soldier fly larvae.
For example, existing facilities in Europe, Asia and North America can digest 100 tons of waste daily using black soldier fly larvae.
MacInnis’ experiments are done in plastic containers filled with around 18 pounds of manure where 10,000 black soldier fly eggs are placed. The larvae hatch, consume the dairy manure for two weeks and then are harvested, and then the process is repeated.
An important part of the project is to determine how safe harvested larvae are when converted into ingredients for feed. Little is known about pathogen diversity in larvae that consume manure that in turn could impact feed safety. Helms suspects larvae consuming manure are safe for livestock consumption, but the end-product must be certified.
“This is an exciting study to be a part of because it is problem-solving at its core,” MacInnis said. “These dairies produce an enormous amount of waste. If black soldier flies can be an efficient part of their management process and provide other benefits, that could be a big breakthrough across the industry.”
Layers of potential benefits from waste conversion
Black soldier flies consume organic waste, including manure, but the process of waste conversion leaves room for efficiency improvements.
The study will utilize probiotics to enhance black soldier fly waste conversion of dairy manure and remove more than 50% of nitrogen and potassium from the waste. Helms said the team is working with Jordan to study the probiotic impacts.
Manure conversion by black soldier flies is also expected to provide an environmental benefit beyond reducing reliance on traditional manure management methods like waste storage lagoons.
“There is potential for layers of economic and environmental benefits to incorporating black soldier flies in manure management,” Helms said. “Turning waste into a resource sounds too good to be true, but we are understanding more and more about the ways black soldier flies can solve a lot of problems.”
Would you like more information from Texas A&M AgriLife?
Visit AgriLife Today, the news hub for Texas A&M AgriLife, which brings together a college and four state agencies focused on agriculture and life sciences within The Texas A&M University System, or sign up for our Texas A&M AgriLife E-Newsletter.
Source: Texas A&M AgriLife
Community
‘Give Like a Kid Again’ for Real-World Impact This Halloween
Costumes. Candy. Jack-o-lanterns glowing on porches. Halloween is filled with moments that spark children’s imaginations. This Halloween, children and families can “Give Like a Kid Again,” turning imagination into kindness and helping children around the world.
‘Give Like a Kid Again’ for Real-World Impact This Halloween
(Feature Impact)Costumes. Candy. Jack-o-lanterns glowing on porches. Halloween is filled with moments that spark children’s imaginations.
This Halloween, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF is inviting children and families to “Give Like a Kid Again,” turning imagination into kindness and helping children around the world. For eight decades,the campaign has shown children that even the smallest act of kindness can travel farther than any front porch and shine brighter than any jack-o-lantern. As the longest-running youth engagement campaign in the United States, it has inspired generations of children to discover that when kids help kids, one Halloween tradition can turn into a lifetime of impact.
What started with just $17 in 1950, when a small group of children filled milk cartons with spare change to help children recovering from World War II, has grown into one of America’s most beloved Halloween traditions, raising nearly $200million to help the organization deliver lifesaving support for children around the world. Today, the iconic orange collection box reminds families that small acts of generosity can create lasting change.
“Each Halloween, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF reminds us that even the smallest acts of generosity can grow into something extraordinary,” said Shelley Diamond, chief marketing officer, UNICEF USA. “For more than 75 years, this campaign has shown generations of children that you are never too young to make a difference and ‘Give Like a Kid Again’ is about passing that belief on to the next generation.”
Beyond supporting programs in more than 190 countries and territories, donations strengthen the organization’s global humanitarian supply network, delivering emergency essentials like therapeutic food, medicine, blankets and safe water to children impacted by conflict, disasters and disease.
- Be a mermaid and help make waves for clean water. Help provide safe water for a child for a year for $5.
- Be a vampire and help scare away preventable diseases. World Polio Day, just a week before Halloween, provides an opportunity to protect 200 children under age 5 from polio with a $43 donation.
- Be a scientist and help uncover lifesaving answers. Provide 25 malaria diagnostic tests for just $8, helping children receive timely treatment.
- Be a teacher and help children write their next chapter. Provide 1,000 pencils to help children put their ideas, lessons and dreams on paper for $30.
- Be a chef and help cook up a healthier future. Over a two-month period, $10 can treat 15 children by providing 450 packets of micronutrient powder.
- Be an astronaut and help a girl reach for the stars. To helpsix girls feel confident in school, $36 can provide reusable menstrual pads.
- Be a snowman and help bundle up a child against the cold. A donation of $50 could provide a child in an emergency setting with winter clothing, including a jacket, hat, scarf, mittens, socks, winter boots, a warm sweater and warm puffball trousers.
- Be a soccer player (or referee) and help kick off playtime. Provide up to four packages of soccer balls for a child-friendly space for $25 to help kids just be kids again.
This October, everyone can “Give Like a Kid Again” through the iconic orange collection box, online fundraising and family-friendly activities. Visit unicefusa.org/TOT2026 to join the tradition and help make a difference for children around the world.
SOURCE:
UNICEF
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Forgotten Genius Fridays
The Tuskegee Airmen: The Red Tails Who Fought Two Wars
The Tuskegee Airmen were far more than the legendary Red Tail fighter pilots. Thousands of pilots, mechanics, instructors and support personnel challenged segregation while helping fight World War II—and their achievements helped change the U.S. military.
A Forgotten Genius Special | STM Daily News
They were training to fight America’s enemies overseas while confronting discrimination in the country they had volunteered to defend. The Red Tails.
They became known as the Tuskegee Airmen.
Their story is often reduced to an image of Black fighter pilots flying red-tailed P-51 Mustangs over Europe during World War II. But the real story was much larger.
The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, mechanics, instructors, navigators, bombardiers, radio operators, parachute riggers, medical personnel, meteorologists, cooks, clerks, control-tower personnel and many others who helped make military aviation possible.
The National Park Service describes more than 16,000 people as participants in the broader Tuskegee experience.
Together, they helped challenge one of the most persistent prejudices in the American military: the racist assumption that Black Americans lacked the intelligence, discipline or ability required to become successful military aviators.
They proved otherwise.
An Experiment Built on a False Assumption
In January 1941, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson authorized the formation of a Black pursuit squadron.
The 99th Pursuit Squadron, later redesignated the 99th Fighter Squadron, was activated in March 1941.
Because the American military remained segregated, Black aviators weren’t simply incorporated into existing flying units. A separate training program was established around Tuskegee, Alabama.
Flight training took place at Moton Field, while Tuskegee Army Air Field provided advanced military flight training.
What military officials regarded as an experiment would ultimately help demonstrate that the restrictions placed upon Black aviators had nothing to do with their abilities.
More Than Pilots
The name “Tuskegee Airmen” can be misleading if we imagine only the men sitting inside fighter cockpits.
Aircraft don’t fly because of pilots alone.
They require mechanics.
Fuel crews.
Radio operators.
Meteorologists.
Armorers.
Dispatchers.
Parachute riggers.
Medical personnel.
Instructors.
Navigators.
Engineers.
Control-tower operators.
Administrative personnel.
And many others.
Women were part of the Tuskegee experience as well. According to the National Park Service, women worked as mechanics, control-tower operators, aircraft fuselage technicians, gate guards, secretaries and clerks. Three permanent female parachute riggers helped train hundreds of cadets in the proper packing and maintenance of parachutes.
The Tuskegee story was therefore not simply the story of several hundred pilots.
It was the story of an entire aviation community.
Taking the Fight Overseas
The 99th Fighter Squadron deployed overseas in 1943.
Flying Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, its pilots entered combat in the Mediterranean theater, operating from North Africa and later Sicily and Italy.
The Tuskegee program continued expanding.
Three additional Black fighter squadrons—the 100th, 301st and 302nd—became part of the 332nd Fighter Group.
And the man who would eventually command them had already experienced another form of racial isolation.
His name was Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
The son of America’s first Black Army general had graduated from West Point in 1936 after fellow cadets subjected him to years of deliberate social isolation.
Now Davis was leading Black American fighter pilots into combat.
The Red Tails
The 332nd eventually transitioned to the aircraft that became most closely associated with the Tuskegee Airmen:
The North American P-51 Mustang.
The tails of the group’s aircraft were painted red to identify the unit.
The distinctive markings helped produce one of the most famous nicknames in American military aviation:
The Red Tails.
Operating primarily from Italy, the 332nd escorted heavy bombers deep into enemy territory while also attacking ground targets.
Escort duty was extraordinarily important.
American bombers flying deep into enemy territory were vulnerable to German fighters. Escort pilots had to remain close enough to protect the bombers while simultaneously watching for enemy aircraft.
The Tuskegee Airmen developed an impressive record performing that mission.
The Legend — and the Reality
One claim became particularly famous after the war:
The Tuskegee Airmen never lost a bomber they escorted to enemy fighters.
It is an inspiring story.
It also isn’t completely accurate.
Research by Air Force historian Daniel Haulman using wartime mission reports found that 27 bombers being escorted by the 332nd Fighter Group were shot down by enemy aircraft.
Those losses occurred during seven of the group’s 179 bomber escort missions for the Fifteenth Air Force.
But correcting the legend doesn’t diminish their accomplishment.
In fact, the documented record remains impressive.
Research comparing the 332nd with other P-51 fighter groups in the Fifteenth Air Force found that the Tuskegee Airmen lost substantially fewer escorted bombers to enemy aircraft than the other groups examined.
The truth doesn’t weaken their story.
The truth makes their achievement real.
Fighting Two Wars
The enemy wasn’t confined to the skies over Europe.
Black servicemen returned from missions defending democracy overseas while still confronting segregation at American military installations and throughout American society.
This contradiction became part of the broader Double V campaign during World War II—the call for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.
Tuskegee personnel repeatedly challenged discriminatory military policies.
One of the most significant confrontations occurred in 1945 at Freeman Field, Indiana, when Black officers protested restrictions that prevented them from using an officers’ club reserved for white officers.
Their resistance became known as the Freeman Field Mutiny.
The confrontation demonstrated that the Tuskegee story wasn’t simply about proving Black Americans could fly airplanes.
It was also about demanding the rights that should accompany wearing the same uniform.
Changing More Than Aviation
The Tuskegee Airmen didn’t single-handedly desegregate the United States military.
But their performance undermined one of the principal arguments used to justify segregation—that Black servicemen could not perform highly technical or demanding military assignments as effectively as white servicemen.
Three years after the Tuskegee flying program began sending pilots into combat, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948, establishing a federal policy of equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed services regardless of race, color, religion or national origin.
Military integration would take additional years to implement.
But the old assumptions had become increasingly difficult to defend.
A Legacy Larger Than the Red Tails
The Tuskegee Airmen eventually became symbols of perseverance, military excellence and the long struggle to expand opportunity within America’s armed forces.
In 2007, the Tuskegee Airmen collectively received the Congressional Gold Medal in recognition of their service.
Yet perhaps the best way to understand their achievement is not through mythology.
They didn’t need a perfect combat record to make history.
They trained in a system created because many officials doubted Black Americans could become military aviators.
They went into combat.
They flew.
They fought.
They protected bomber formations.
They maintained aircraft.
They trained pilots.
And thousands of people behind the scenes made those missions possible.
They demonstrated through performance what segregation had attempted to deny.
And among the men leading them was the son of America’s first Black Army general.
His name was Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
His journey had taken him from isolation at West Point to the cockpit of a military aircraft and command of the 332nd Fighter Group.
But his story was far from finished.
Next Friday on Forgotten Genius Fridays: Benjamin O. Davis Jr. — From West Point Isolation to Four-Star General.
Forgotten Genius Fridays is an STM Daily News series exploring innovators, pioneers and historical figures whose achievements deserve a larger place in our collective memory.
Sources & Related Links
National Park Service — Tuskegee Airmen History & Culture documents the broad definition of the Tuskegee Airmen and the many ground and support occupations involved.
Air Force Historical Support Division — Tuskegee Airmen provides an excellent military chronology of the 99th Fighter Squadron and 332nd Fighter Group.
National Park Service — Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site is especially useful for Moton Field, training and the Red Tails.
National Park Service — And There Were Women provides material for an often-overlooked part of the story: women who participated in the Tuskegee experience.
Congress authorized a Congressional Gold Medal for the Tuskegee Airmen collectively, recognizing their military record and its role in inspiring reform in the armed forces; the presentation ceremony took place in 2007.
Explore more fascinating stories, videos, and articles on The Knowledge at STM Daily News!
Entertainment
Mattel Adventure Park and VAI Resort: What’s the Latest in Glendale?
Mattel Adventure Park and VAI Resort still have no announced opening date. VAI says construction continues and expects to share more about the park in late 2026.
GLENDALE, Ariz. — The wait continues for Mattel Adventure Park and VAI Resort near State Farm Stadium. Both remain under development, and neither has announced an opening date.
There has, however, been a change in how the park is being described. In August, Axios Phoenix reported that Epic Resort Destinations, the park’s original developer, appears to be out of the Glendale project. Asked about Epic’s involvement, a VAI spokesperson told Axios that VAI is the park’s owner and operator, but did not directly answer whether Epic still has any role. Another VAI spokesperson said the park and resort are now considered part of the same project and that construction continues on both.
VAI also told Axios it is redefining the park’s guest experience and creative vision and expects to share more in the fourth quarter of 2026. That is a promise of a project update, not an opening announcement.
The VAI Resort FAQ currently says it will announce an opening date approximately nine months in advance. Mattel Adventure Park’s Glendale page continues to promote planned attractions, including the Barbie Beach House and two Hot Wheels roller coasters, without listing an opening date.
For families hoping to visit, the practical answer is that there is still no date to put on the calendar. The next meaningful development to watch is VAI’s promised fourth-quarter update: it may clarify the park’s plans, but visitors will need an official opening announcement before they can plan a trip.
Source links: VAI Resort FAQ · Mattel Adventure Park Glendale page · Axios Phoenix’s August report
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