Stephanie Spera, University of Richmond

Curious Kids is a series for children of all ages. If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer, send it to curiouskidsus@theconversation.com.

Why can’t it always be summer? – Amanda, age 5, Chile

With its long days just itching to be spent by water doing nothing, summer really can be an enchanting season. As Jenny Han wrote in the young adult novel “The Summer I Turned Pretty”: “Everything good, everything magical happens between the months of June and August.”

But all good things must come to an end, and summer cannot last forever. There’s both a simple reason and a more complicated one. The simple reason is that it can’t always be summer because the Earth is tilted. The more complicated answer requires some geometry.

I’m a professor of geography and the environment who has studied seasonal changes on the landscape. Here’s what seasons have to do with our planet’s position as it moves through the solar system.

This animation shows why the Earth has seasons.

Closeness to the Sun doesn’t explain seasons

First, you need to know that the Earth is a sphere – technically, an oblate spheroid. That means Earth has a round shape a little wider than it is tall.

Every year, Earth travels in its orbit to make one revolution around the Sun. The Earth’s orbit is an ellipse, which is more like an oval than a circle. So there are times when Earth is closer to the Sun and times when it’s farther away.

A lot of people assume this distance is why we have seasons. But these people would be wrong. In the United States, the Earth is 3 million miles closer to the Sun during winter than in the summer.

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Spinning like a top

Now picture an imaginary line across Earth, right in the middle, at 0° latitude. This line is called the equator. If you drew it on a globe, the equator would pass through countries including Brazil, Kenya, Indonesia and Ecuador.

Everything north of the equator, including the United States, is considered the Northern Hemisphere, and everything south of the equator is the Southern Hemisphere.

Now think of the Earth’s axis as another imaginary line that runs vertically through the middle of the Earth, going from the North Pole to the South Pole.

As it orbits, or revolves, around the Sun, the Earth also rotates. That means it spins on its axis, like a top. The Earth takes one full year to revolve around the Sun and takes 24 hours, or one day, to do one full rotation on its axis.

This axis is why we have day and night; during the day, we’re facing the Sun, and at night, we’re facing away.

But the Earth’s axis does not go directly up and down. Instead, its axis is always tilted at 23.5 degrees in the exact same direction, toward the North Star.

The Earth’s axis is tilted due to a giant object – perhaps an ancient planet – smashing into it billions of years ago. And it’s this tilt that causes seasons.

It’s all about the tilt

So that means in June, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun. That tilt means more sunlight, more solar energy, longer days – all the things that make summer, well, summer.

At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. So countries such as Australia, Chile and Argentina are experiencing winter then.

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To say it another way: As the Earth moves around the Sun throughout the year, the parts of the Earth getting the most sunlight are always changing.

Fast-forward to December, and Earth is on the exact opposite side of its orbit as where it was in June. It’s the Southern Hemisphere’s turn to be tilted toward the Sun, which means its summer happens in December, January and February.

If Earth were not tilted at all, there would be no seasons. If it were tilted more than it is, there would be even more extreme seasons and drastic swings in temperature. Summers would be hotter and winters would be colder.

Defining summer

Talk to a meteorologist, climate scientist or author Jenny Han, and they’ll tell you that for those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, summer is June, July and August, the warmest months of the year.

But there’s another way to define summer. Talk to astronomers, and they’ll tell you the first day of summer is the summer solstice – the day of the year with the longest amount of daylight and shortest amount of darkness.

The summer solstice occurs every year sometime between June 20 and June 22. And every day after, until the winter solstice in December, the Northern Hemisphere receives a little less daylight.

Summer officially ends on the autumnal equinox, the fall day when everywhere on Earth has an equal amount of daylight and night. The autumnal equinox happens every year on either September 22 or 23.

But whether you view summer like Jenny Han or like an astronomer, one thing is certain: Either way, summer must come to an end. But the season and the magic it brings with it will be back before you know it.

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Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.

And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

Stephanie Spera, Assistant Professor of Geography and the Environment, University of Richmond

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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As the leaves change and the air turns crisp, October arrives as a powerful reminder of resilience and awareness. Breast Cancer Awareness Month is not just about raising awareness; it’s about action, education, and community support. With over 360,000 people projected to be diagnosed with breast cancer in the U.S. in 2024, this month serves as a crucial time to reflect on the impact of this disease and the importance of early detection.

The Statistics Behind the Cause

Breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 women and 1 in 1,000 men in the United States. This staggering statistic highlights the urgency to be proactive. However, there is hope. Thanks to advancements in medical technology and research, early detection methods have improved significantly. When breast cancer is caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is an impressive 99%. This underscores the importance of regular screenings, self-examinations, and awareness campaigns like those organized during Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Metastatic Breast Cancer Awareness Day

Among the many important dates in October, October 13 stands out as Metastatic Breast Cancer Awareness Day. This day is dedicated to raising awareness about the realities of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), which occurs when breast cancer spreads beyond the breast to other parts of the body. It is crucial to recognize that while advancements have been made, MBC remains a significant challenge within the breast cancer community. This day serves as a reminder that we must advocate for more research, better treatments, and comprehensive support for those living with this stage of breast cancer.

The Role of the National Breast Cancer Foundation

The National Breast Cancer Foundation Inc. (NBCF) plays a vital role in this month-long awareness initiative. Their mission, “Helping Women Now®,” focuses on providing education, support, and resources to women and families affected by breast cancer. With a commitment to early detection, NBCF encourages individuals to act, reminding us that being proactive can save lives. Whether through scheduling mammograms, performing self-exams, or simply spreading awareness, every action counts.

The Importance of Community Support

Breast cancer is not just a statistic; it affects real lives, families, and communities. Throughout October, communities come together to support those impacted by breast cancer. From fundraising events to educational seminars, the collective efforts aim to foster a sense of camaraderie and hope. It’s a time to remind those suffering that they are not alone in their journey.

Participating in Breast Cancer Awareness Month can take many forms, whether it’s wearing pink, sharing stories on social media, or advocating for breast cancer research. Each act of kindness and awareness helps to amplify the message and promote a culture of support and understanding.

Taking Action

As we move through October, let us not forget the importance of taking action. Schedule a mammogram, perform a self-exam, and encourage friends and family to do the same. Educate yourself about the signs of breast cancer and stay informed about the latest advancements in treatment and support.

October is a month of awareness, hope, and action. By shining a light on breast cancer and recognizing specific awareness days like Metastatic Breast Cancer Awareness Day, we can foster a community that supports those affected and works towards a future where breast cancer no longer holds the same fear it does today. Let’s come together to make a difference—because every action counts in the fight against breast cancer.

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For more information about Breast Cancer Awareness Month and how you can get involved, visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation’s website at NBCF. Together, we can help raise awareness and support those in need.

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https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-awareness-month/

https://www.komen.org/about-komen/our-impact/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-awareness-month/

https://www.breastcancer.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-awareness-month

Verizon customers across the United States are grappling with significant service disruptions this morning. Reports have flooded in that mobile phones are stuck in SOS mode, indicating a lack of connectivity. As of 10:11 a.m. ET, over 100,000 outages were logged with DownDetector, a real-time service tracker that monitors telecommunication issues nationwide.

Verizon Outages

The outage began around 9 a.m. ET, with customers from New York to Los Angeles experiencing inability to make phone calls or access the network. On social media platforms, disgruntled users have been vocal about the situation, with many demanding compensation for the service disruption.

One frustrated customer took to X (formerly Twitter) to express their dissatisfaction: “It’s been over two hours and we don’t even know why this is happening. We all pay a pretty penny for our Verizon bill, and this time should be compensated until the issue is fully resolved.”

What we know

Reports have cited that while users can’t access standard mobile services, their phones have reverted to SOS mode—rendering them unable to make calls. A customer from Ohio shared their experience: “SOS in Ohio since mid-morning. Was working on my drive into work, but went down several hours ago and hasn’t come back.”

In an emailed statement to CBS MoneyWatch, a Verizon spokesperson acknowledged the issue, stating, “We are aware of an issue impacting service for some customers. Our engineers are engaged and we are working quickly to identify and solve the issue.”

As the disruptions persist, issues are being noted across various devices, affecting both iPhone and Android users. The outages have also disrupted Wi-Fi calling services, which typically serve as an alternative connectivity method. As of 5:48 p.m. ET, Verizon announced that service restoration efforts were underway and gradually making progress, but customers are still experiencing challenges.

This marks a significant incident in a landscape where communication reliability is essential, and customers are left wondering about the cause of the outage. With many turning to social media to voice their concerns and seek resolutions, the call for timely updates from Verizon is clear.

The situation remains fluid, and Verizon customers are encouraged to stay informed as more information becomes available. If you’re experiencing issues with your Verizon service, let us know your experience in the comments below.

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Stay tuned for further updates on this developing story.

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/verizon-outage-network-down-sos-mode-downdetector-map

https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/verizon-outage-network-down-monday-september-30

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