Lifestyle
Study: School Debate Programs Linked to Improvements in Academic Achievement, Graduation Rates, and College Enrollment
Impacts Are Largest Among Students Who Were Lowest Achieving Prior to Participation
Newswise — Washington, October 24, 2023—Participating in policy debate programs in middle and high school is associated with improvements in English language arts (ELA) achievement and increases in the likelihood that students graduate from high school and enroll in postsecondary education, according to new research. The study was published today in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Educational Research Association. It was conducted by Beth Schueler from the University of Virginia and Katherine Larned from Harvard University.
Video: Study co-author Beth Schueler discusses major findings and implications
Policy debate is an interscholastic, competitive, extracurricular activity in which teams of students engage in structured argumentation about public policy issues. Participants focus on a single resolution for the entire academic year, which requires them to learn about one policy area in depth.
Typically, extracurricular debate programs are disproportionately found in private and high-income public schools. However, this study was conducted in the context of the Boston Public Schools, where the Boston Debate League, a nonprofit, serves a student population that is majority low income and students of color.
The study relied on data from the Boston Debate League, Boston Public Schools, and the National Student Clearinghouse for students enrolled in Boston Public Schools during the 2007–08 to 2017–18 school years. It included the 3,515 students who participated in the Boston Debate League over that time.
“We found that debate was linked to improvements not only in overall ELA achievement but specifically in those ELA competencies requiring critical thinking skills,” said Schueler, assistant professor of education and public policy at the University of Virginia School of Education and Human Development. “The impact was almost entirely concentrated among reading subskills that involve more analysis and argumentation.”
The impacts were substantial, translating to roughly 68 percent of the learning in ELA that typically takes place over the course of the ninth-grade year. The gains were largest among students who were lowest performing at baseline, suggesting that policy debate does not need to be reserved for high-achieving students.
The authors also examined effects on high school graduation and postsecondary enrollment, finding positive impacts driven by increased enrollment in four-year colleges and universities.
“These results provide policymakers a rare promising program for reducing inequality in reading achievement, analytical thinking skills, and educational attainment among middle and high school students,” said Larned, a fellow and doctoral student in the education policy and program evaluation program at Harvard University. “Debate programs are cost-effective relative to other high-profile interventions and therefore have great potential for scalability.”
The authors pointed out that researchers have uncovered very few interventions that generate impacts of this magnitude for secondary school students, especially on literacy outcomes. School leaders looking to boost ELA outcomes could look to this type of extracurricular activity for supporting older students in learning.
“Policy debate appears to be a rare strategy for improving literacy skills among middle and high school students,” said Schueler. “It helps to demonstrate that secondary school is not ‘too late’ to support student progress in reading.”
There are likely implications for teachers working in traditional classrooms. Some professional development programs have been designed to help teachers infuse key principles of debate pedagogy into regular classrooms. The authors suggested that researchers should explore the effectiveness of these programs to help uncover the extent to which debate would generalize to students who do not opt for the extracurricular activity.
The authors also recommended that future research should examine the relative effectiveness of different extracurricular activities, as well as further assess policy debate’s impact on critical thinking, argumentation skills, and other competencies needed for academic and civic participation, such as social perspective taking, media literacy, ability to distinguish fact from opinion, and engagement with the policy process.
Study citation: Schueler, B., & Larned, K. (2023). Interscholastic policy debate promotes critical thinking and college-going: Evidence from Boston Public Schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Prepublished October 24, 2023. http://doi.org/10.3102/01623737231200234
Source: Mount Sinai Health System
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Facing Wage Garnishment? Here Are 6 Steps to Regain Control
If you’ve recently discovered that your paycheck is smaller than expected, it’s possible you’re dealing with wage garnishment—a distressing situation that affects millions of Americans every year. This means a portion of your hard-earned money is being taken before it ever reaches your bank account, making it incredibly challenging to manage your budget, especially during tough financial times.

Understanding how wage garnishment works can help you navigate this rocky terrain. It usually occurs after a creditor has sued you, won a judgment, and obtained a court order to garnish your wages. However, certain exceptions—such as unpaid taxes, child support, and student loans—allow for garnishment without a court order. Regardless of how you found yourself in this situation, it’s important to know that there are steps you can take to mitigate or even stop the garnishment altogether.
If you’re facing wage garnishment, don’t lose hope. Acting quickly can be crucial. Here are six steps to help you address this issue and potentially find relief:
1. Verify the Garnishment Is Legal
It may feel overwhelming to see your paycheck impacted, but the first step is to confirm the legitimacy of the garnishment. Federal law mandates that you must receive a garnishment notice prior to any wage withholding. Carefully review this document to ensure that the debt belongs to you and that the creditor followed all proper legal protocols. Garish mistakes can occur, and verifying each detail can empower you to challenge any discrepancies.
2. Check for Violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
It’s disheartening, but some debt collectors may engage in questionable practices throughout the garnishment process. If you have not been properly notified or if your wages have been garnished beyond what is legally allowed, this might constitute a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). Knowing your rights can be the first step in seeking justice. If you notice any irregularities, document your experiences—this could be crucial in seeking damages or legal fees.
3. Know Your Legal Protections
Understanding your legal protections can provide significant relief. Federal law stipulates that creditors can only garnish a limited portion of your earnings—typically 25% of disposable income or the amount by which your income exceeds 30 times the federal minimum wage, whichever is less. Additionally, certain income sources, like Social Security and disability benefits, are generally exempt from garnishment. Familiarizing yourself with these protections can bolster your confidence as you navigate this process.
4. File an Objection or Exemption Claim
If the garnishment is causing you severe financial hardship, you have the right to file an objection, often referred to as a “claim of exemption.” This usually involves submitting a formal request to the court that issued the garnishment order. It might feel daunting, but many courts are willing to reconsider garnishments that pose a significant burden on your ability to support yourself or your dependents. Advocating for your rights can lead to a modification or even termination of the garnishment.
5. Negotiate Directly with the Creditor
Even after wage garnishment begins, there’s still room to negotiate with the creditor. A direct conversation can sometimes open the door to negotiating a more reasonable payment plan or even settling for a lesser amount of what you owe. Many creditors are willing to work with you rather than endure the complexities of garnishment procedures. Approach this conversation with transparency about your financial situation and be prepared to offer a realistic, sustainable payment option.
6. Consider Bankruptcy as a Last Resort
When all else fails, it might be time to consider bankruptcy. While this option can feel intimidating, it offers a pathway to eliminate debts and stop wage garnishment. However, bankruptcy comes with its own set of complexities and consequences, so it’s essential to seek guidance from a qualified financial advisor or an attorney specializing in bankruptcy law.
Conclusion
Finding out that your wages are being garnished can evoke a whirlwind of stress, uncertainty, and fear. Remember, you’re not alone in facing this issue—millions are battling similar challenges. It’s critical to know that there are legal steps you can take to protect your rights and alleviate the strain of garnishment. By verifying the garnishment, understanding your rights, and taking action, you can work toward regaining control of your financial situation. With determination and the right approach, there is light at the end of the tunnel.
If you want to read more on this topic, check out the story from CBS News that highlights important steps to take when facing wage garnishment. It provides valuable insights and information that can help you navigate this challenging situation. Don’t miss it!
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-to-do-debt-collector-garnishing-paycheck/
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San Diego Cosmetic Dentist Discusses How to Prevent Bone Loss After Losing a Tooth
SAN DIEGO, CA, USA /EINPresswire.com/ — Missing teeth can have obvious consequences for your smile, but many people are not aware of how tooth loss affects their oral health, general well-being, and even their facial shape. Once a tooth is detached from the gums, there is no tooth root to stimulate the underlying jawbone; unfortunately, this often causes the bone structure to recede and lose volume. Bone loss can raise a number of aesthetic and functional concerns — particularly when a tooth has been without a replacement for a significant amount of time — including the shifting of surrounding teeth, an increased risk of gum disease, and changes in your jaw structure. In general, greater bone loss is experienced the longer an absent space remains unfilled. While jawbone recession can be debilitating, San Diego cosmetic dentist Landon Libby, DDS discusses potential solutions for bone loss to prevent further damage and regenerate additional bone density.

According to Dr. Libby, implant dentistry can offer a myriad of benefits for individuals with missing teeth, including the ability to maintain bone volume and preserve the full integrity of the jawbone after tooth loss. Using dental implants, implant dentistry aims to replace a missing tooth with an artificial tooth root and a custom-made restoration indistinguishable from a patient’s natural teeth. A titanium post is implanted into the jawbone during treatment, which serves as the “replacement” tooth root. Unlike other tooth replacement options that are not surgically affixed to the underlying bone, dental implants and implant-supported restorations promote new bone regeneration. Not only can this enhance a patient’s oral health and strengthen their jawbone, but implant restorations are also considered to look and feel the most similar to natural teeth. Best of all, implants can be used to replace a single tooth, multiple teeth in a row, or even a full dental arch.
It’s important to understand that every patient may not be a good candidate for dental implants, and bone grafting may be necessary prior to treatment to provide more support for implant placement. As a multi-stage process involving oral surgery, Dr. Libby stresses the importance of selecting an experienced, compassionate, and qualified dental team to place implants and provide a seamless patient experience.
About Landon Libby, DDS
Dr. Landon Libby is a Mission Valley-based cosmetic dentist who provides cosmetic, restorative, and family dentistry treatments for patients in and around San Diego. As a DOCS-certified dentist with training in sedation dentistry, Dr. Libby strives to enhance patient comfort during every stage of treatment and redefine what it means to “go to the dentist.” After receiving his Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) from the Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Dr. Libby went into private practice and has been serving the dental needs of the San Diego community for years. Dr. Landon Libby is available for interview upon request.
To view the original source of this release, click here: https://www.sandiegodentist.net/practice-news/san-diego-cosmetic-dentist-discusses-how-to-prevent-bone-loss-after-losing-a-tooth/
Source: Rosemont Media
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