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Firefighting planes are dumping ocean water on the Los Angeles fires − why using saltwater is typically a last resort
Firefighters in Los Angeles use seawater to combat wildfires due to freshwater shortages, though this poses risks to ecosystems and equipment.
Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Institution
Firefighters battling the deadly wildfires that raced through the Los Angeles area in January 2025 have been hampered by a limited supply of freshwater. So, when the winds are calm enough, skilled pilots flying planes aptly named Super Scoopers are skimming off 1,500 gallons of seawater at a time and dumping it with high precision on the fires.
Using seawater to fight fires can sound like a simple solution – the Pacific Ocean has a seemingly endless supply of water. In emergencies like Southern California is facing, it’s often the only quick solution, though the operation can be risky amid ocean swells.
But seawater also has downsides.
Saltwater corrodes firefighting equipment and may harm ecosystems, especially those like the chaparral shrublands around Los Angeles that aren’t normally exposed to seawater. Gardeners know that small amounts of salt – added, say, as fertilizer – does not harm plants, but excessive salts can stress and kill plants.
While the consequences of adding seawater to ecosystems are not yet well understood, we can gain insights on what to expect by considering the effects of sea-level rise.
A seawater experiment in a coastal forest
As an ecosystem ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, I lead a novel experiment called TEMPEST that was designed to understand how and why historically salt-free coastal forests react to their first exposures to salty water.
Sea-level rise has increased by an average of about 8 inches globally over the past century, and that water has pushed salty water into U.S. forests, farms and neighborhoods that had previously known only freshwater. As the rate of sea-level rise accelerates, storms push seawater ever farther onto the dry land, eventually killing trees and creating ghost forests, a result of climate change that is widespread in the U.S. and globally.
In our TEMPEST test plots, we pump salty water from the nearby Chesapeake Bay into tanks, then sprinkle it on the forest soil surface fast enough to saturate the soil for about 10 hours at a time. This simulates a surge of salty water during a big storm.
Our coastal forest showed little effect from the first 10-hour exposure to salty water in June 2022 and grew normally for the rest of the year. We increased the exposure to 20 hours in June 2023, and the forest still appeared mostly unfazed, although the tulip poplar trees were drawing water from the soil more slowly, which may be an early warning signal.
Things changed after a 30-hour exposure in June 2024. The leaves of tulip poplar in the forests started to brown in mid-August, several weeks earlier than normal. By mid-September the forest canopy was bare, as if winter had set in. These changes did not occur in a nearby plot that we treated the same way, but with freshwater rather than seawater.
The initial resilience of our forest can be explained in part by the relatively low amount of salt in the water in this estuary, where water from freshwater rivers and a salty ocean mix. Rain that fell after the experiments in 2022 and 2023 washed salts out of the soil.
But a major drought followed the 2024 experiment, so salts lingered in the soil then. The trees’ longer exposure to salty soils after our 2024 experiment may have exceeded their ability to tolerate these conditions.
Seawater being dumped on the Southern California fires is full-strength, salty ocean water. And conditions there have been very dry, particularly compared with our East Coast forest plot.
Changes evident in the ground
Our research group is still trying to understand all the factors that limit the forest’s tolerance to salty water, and how our results apply to other ecosystems such as those in the Los Angeles area.
Tree leaves turning from green to brown well before fall was a surprise, but there were other surprises hidden in the soil below our feet.
Rainwater percolating through the soil is normally clear, but about a month after the first and only 10-hour exposure to salty water in 2022, the soil water turned brown and stayed that way for two years. The brown color comes from carbon-based compounds leached from dead plant material. It’s a process similar to making tea.
Our lab experiments suggest that salt was causing clay and other particles to disperse and move about in the soil. Such changes in soil chemistry and structure can persist for many years.
Sea-level rise is increasing coastal exposure
While ocean water can help fight fires, there are reasons fire officials prefer freshwater sources – provided freshwater is available.
U.S. coastlines, meanwhile, are facing more extensive and frequent saltwater exposure as rising global temperatures accelerate sea-level rise that drowns forests, fields and farms, with unknown risks for coastal landscapes.
Patrick Megonigal, Associate Director of Research, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Understanding and Improving Business Credit Can Support Financing Readiness, Credibility and Long-Term Confidence
(Feature Impact) Nearly 60% of small business owners seek financing each year, according to the Federal Reserve’s 2025 Small Business Credit Survey, but only about 2 in 5 secure the full amount they request.
It’s not uncommon for business owners to be caught off guard by a credit issue just when they’re poised to take their companies to the next level. To help business owners better understand how business credit can aid growth, consider this information from Chase for Business.
The Hidden Impact of Business Credit
Many owners miss the importance of business credit – 74% of business owners have used personal credit cards or lending products that rely on their personal credit score for business purposes, according to a May 2026 Chase small business survey. However, business credit can play an important role in accessing capital, managing operations and planning for the future. Without a clear understanding of their business credit profiles, owners may miss out on opportunities or face unexpected challenges when seeking loans, negotiating with suppliers or expanding their businesses. That’s why it’s essential for small business owners to proactively monitor and manage their business credit.
Managing Business Credit
To help millions of small business owners better understand and manage this part of their financial picture, Chase for Business introduced Business Credit Journey, a complimentary digital tool designed to help owners establish, monitor and improve their business credit.
The tool brings together credit monitoring, score insights, actionable steps and educational resources in one place. It builds on the American Dream Initiative, a nationwide effort to help power 10 million small businesses, offering resources beyond basic credit tracking to help owners spot issues early, understand what’s driving their scores and take action before opportunities slip away.
“Small business owners aren’t overlooking business credit, they just can’t see it clearly or aren’t sure how to use that information,” said Jameson Troutman, head of product for Chase for Business. “This tool is meant to change that, offering owners an easier, accessible way to understand their business credit scores and empowering them to take action over time.”
Why Business Credit Matters
Business credit is only one part of the financing equation, but it can influence how prepared a business is for future opportunities, help owners make informed decisions and avoid surprises when it matters most.
Why Business Credit Can be Easy to Overlook
For many owners, business credit is easy to put off while managing the daily demands of running their businesses. That can be especially true when they’re focused on growth, and nearly 80% of business owners expect growth in 2026, according to Chase’s Business Leaders Outlook.
In that environment, business credit may not get attention until a financing need or growth opportunity puts it into focus. That often means businesses confront their credit profile only when it starts to limit their options.
How Digital Tools Can Help
Created to make business credit easier to understand and manage, the tool allows business owners to monitor their credit scores, see what is influencing them and receive insights and actionable steps tailored to their business profile. It’s designed to help owners stay on top of changes over time and take a more proactive approach to strengthening their business credit.
“Small business owners deserve resources that help them make more informed decisions,” Troutman said.
For many small businesses, credit only becomes visible when something depends on it. Having a clearer view earlier can change the decisions owners make long before that moment. Visit chase.com/business/creditjourney to learn more.
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Business and Finance
Consumer Alert: AI-Powered Fake Businesses Are Fooling Online Shoppers
AI-generated storefronts, fake founders, and emotional marketing are being used to trick online shoppers. Learn how to spot the warning signs and protect yourself.
Last Updated on June 14, 2026 by Rod Washington
Consumers today are increasingly making purchasing decisions based on more than just price. Many actively seek out local businesses, family-owned companies, veteran-owned enterprises, and Black-owned businesses in an effort to support communities and entrepreneurs they believe in.
Unfortunately, scammers are exploiting that goodwill.
A growing number of fraudulent online stores are using artificial intelligence to create convincing business identities designed to gain consumer trust. These AI-powered storefronts often feature realistic founder photos, emotional backstories, glowing customer reviews, and professional-looking websites that appear legitimate at first glance.
In reality, some of these businesses may not exist at all.
The Rise of AI-Generated Storefronts
Artificial intelligence has made it easier than ever to create realistic images, videos, and written content. While these tools have many legitimate uses, bad actors are increasingly using them to create fake online businesses.
These websites often claim to be small businesses facing hardship, family-owned operations struggling to survive, or businesses representing specific communities. Their marketing is designed to connect emotionally with consumers who want their purchases to make a positive impact.
Social media advertisements frequently promote urgent “closing sales,” liquidation events, or limited-time discounts that encourage shoppers to act quickly before researching the company.
Why These Scams Work
Trust has become a powerful marketing tool.
Many consumers intentionally support businesses they believe align with their values. Scammers understand this and use carefully crafted stories to create an emotional connection before a purchase is made.
AI-generated founder photos and biographies can make a website appear authentic even when the people featured do not exist. Combined with fake testimonials and professional branding, these tactics can create the illusion of a thriving small business.
The Impact on Legitimate Businesses
The consequences extend beyond individual consumers who lose money.
Authentic small businesses work hard to earn customer trust through years of service, community involvement, and reputation building. When fraudulent websites falsely present themselves as community-focused businesses, they can damage confidence in legitimate entrepreneurs.
As consumers become more skeptical, genuine business owners may find it harder to convince customers that their stories, products, and missions are real.
Warning Signs to Watch For
Before making a purchase, consumers should look for potential red flags:
- Founder photos that appear overly polished or artificial.
- Business histories that cannot be independently verified.
- Recently created social media accounts with little engagement.
- Deep discounts and constant “going out of business” sales.
- Generic customer reviews lacking specific details.
- Limited contact information or nonexistent customer service.
- Return policies that require shipping products overseas despite claims of being U.S.-based.
Protect Yourself Before You Buy
A few minutes of research can prevent costly mistakes.
Consider searching for independent reviews, verifying business addresses, checking domain registration history, and conducting a reverse image search on founder photographs. Consumers should also be cautious when encountering emotional stories that create a sense of urgency or pressure immediate purchases.
Trust but Verify
Artificial intelligence is transforming commerce and communication, but it is also creating new opportunities for deception.
Supporting small businesses remains one of the most effective ways to strengthen local economies and communities. In the age of AI, however, consumers may need to take an extra step to ensure the businesses they support are truly who they claim to be.
The best defense against AI-powered scams is simple: trust, but verify.
Closing Footnote
As artificial intelligence continues to transform online commerce, consumers should remain vigilant when shopping online. A compelling backstory, professional website, or realistic founder photo is no longer proof that a business is legitimate. Taking a few minutes to verify a company’s identity can help protect your wallet and ensure your support goes to genuine entrepreneurs rather than scammers. https://apnews.com/article/2b83cb87d450f22ac0211bfa52ee7b7f?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Related External Links for Further Reading
You can include these resources in your research or share them with readers interested in learning more about AI-generated business scams, online shopping fraud, and consumer protection.
- FTC Consumer Alerts – Official consumer warnings and scam prevention resources from the Federal Trade Commission. “`
- FTC Shopping & Online Buying Advice – Guidance on safe online shopping, evaluating reviews, and avoiding deceptive sellers.
- Better Business Bureau Scam Tracker – Search reported scams and see examples of online shopping fraud reported by consumers.
- BBB Scam Tracker – Report a Scam – Report suspicious businesses and learn how scam investigations work.
- National Cyber Security Centre: Online Shopping Fraud – Advice on identifying suspicious online stores and protecting yourself from shopping fraud.
- AP News: Beware of Online Ads with Elaborate Backstories – Investigation into fake online boutiques that use emotional stories and misleading branding to gain consumer trust.
- FTC Cracks Down on Fake and AI-Generated Reviews – Overview of federal efforts to combat deceptive reviews and AI-generated testimonials. “`
Additional Research Resources
For a deeper dive into the growing problem of AI-assisted scams:
- ScamFerret: Detecting Scam Websites with Large Language Models – Research paper exploring how AI can be used to identify fraudulent websites. “`
- LOKI: Proactively Discovering Online Scam Websites – Research paper examining methods used to identify thousands of previously unknown scam websites. “`
Protect yourself from the latest online scams with STM Daily News. From AI-powered fraud schemes to consumer safety tips, our Consumer Corner delivers practical information to help you make informed decisions. Visit STM Daily News for more news you can use this moment, and don’t forget to subscribe to our newsletter for updates delivered straight to your inbox.
(Feature Impact) For generations, students have been told a college degree is key to landing a well-paying job and building a stable future. Long treated as the gold standard for post-secondary education, albeit an expensive one, the four-year degree is no longer the unquestioned path to career success.
New research from the U.S. Career Institute, an online career training provider, suggests many Americans are rethinking what education and long-term job security actually look like. While college remains a popular path, 26% of adults surveyed said certifications or skills-based programs are the safer choice. Just 18% said the same about a four-year degree.
In fact, if given the chance to do it all over again, 27% of respondents said they would choose a different path entirely, and 33% said they would look for something faster or more affordable. Knowing what they know now, just 17% reported they would make the same choice again; meaning more U.S. adults are now willing to ask if college is the right call.
Cost is Getting Harder to Ignore
Long sold as an investment that would pay for itself in time, the price tag that accompanies that college degree is increasingly scrutinized. While 38% of survey respondents said paying for college feels like a necessary investment despite the expense, 29% said they question whether it’s a worthwhile expenditure.
What’s more, 32% of respondents said they would reconsider investing in a college education if student loan debt exceeded $10,000, even as the price of obtaining a degree continues to climb.
AI is Leading to Job Security Concerns
The rapid rise of artificial intelligence is adding another layer of uncertainty. In fact, 1 in 4 adults in the U.S. believe office-based and white-collar workers are the type of employees most likely to be replaced by AI in the next five years. As automation becomes a bigger part of workplace conversations, it’s also influencing how people think about their futures, with more than half (54%) of respondents reconsidering their education or career path due to concerns about job security or automation.
For some, that reconsideration is already translating into action. A quarter of respondents (25%) have already completed a certificate or skills-based training program while another 29% said they’ve seriously considered pursuing one.
Stability is Taking Center Stage
Prestige, job title and earning potential have long influenced post-secondary education choices. However, stability has become the most commonly cited factor influencing career decisions today, named by 53% of respondents, ranking it above prestige and status.
That same mindset is shaping the advice people give younger generations. For those starting their careers now, 30% of survey respondents said they would recommend a certification or skills-based program while 24% said they’d still recommend pursuing a four-year degree.
For many careers, a college degree remains a requirement. However, it may no longer be the only path forward for every student entering the workforce. To explore skills-based training and certification programs as an alternative, visit uscareerinstitute.edu.
Photo courtesy of Shutterstock
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