Alisha Gaines, Florida State University

A peculiar desire seems to still haunt some white people: “I wish I knew what it was like to be Black.”

This wish is different from wanting to cosplay the coolness of Blackness – mimicking style, aping music and parroting vernacular.

This is a presumptive, racially imaginative desire, one that covets not just the rhythm of Black life, but also its blues.

While he doesn’t want to admit it, Canadian-American journalist Sam Forster is one of those white people.

Three years after hearing George Floyd cry “Mama” so desperately that it brought a country out of quarantine, Forster donned a synthetic Afro wig and brown contacts, tinted his eyebrows and smeared his face with CVS-bought Maybelline liquid foundation in the shade of “Mocha.” Though Forster did not achieve a “movie-grade” transformation, he became, in his words, “Believably Black.”

He went on to attempt a racial experiment no one asked for, one that he wrote about in his recently published memoir, “Seven Shoulders: Taxonomizing Racism in Modern America.”

For two weeks in September 2023, Forster pretended to hitchhike on the shoulder of a highway in seven different U.S. cities: Nashville, Tennessee; Atlanta; Birmingham, Alabama; Los Angeles; Las Vegas; Chicago and Detroit. On the first day in town, he would stand on the side of the road as his white self, seeing who, if anyone, would stop and offer him a ride. On the second day, he stuck out his thumb on the same shoulder, but this time in what I’d describe as “mochaface.”

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Since September is hot, he set a two-hour limit for his experiments. During his seven white days, he was offered, but did not take, seven rides. On seven subsequent Black days, he was offered, but did not take, one ride. He speculated that day was a fluke.

Forster is not the first white person to center themselves in the discussion of American racism by pretending to be Black.

His wish mirrors that of the white people featured in my 2017 book, “Black for a Day: White Fantasies of Race and Empathy.” The book tells the history of what I call “empathetic racial impersonation,” in which white people indulge in their fantasies of being Black under the guise of empathizing with the Black experience.

To me, these endeavors are futile. They end up reinforcing stereotypes and failing to address systemic racism, while conferring a false sense of racial authority.

Going undercover in the South

The genealogy begins in the late 1940s with Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ray Sprigle.

Sprigle, a white reporter at the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, decided he wanted to experience postwar racism by “becoming” a Black man. After unsuccessfully trying to darken his skin beyond a tan, Sprigle shaved his head, put on giant glasses and traded his signature, 10-gallon hat for an unassuming cap. For four weeks beginning in May 1948, Sprigle navigated the Jim Crow South as a light-skinned Black man named James Rayel Crawford.

Sprigle documented dilapidated sharecropper’s cabins, segregated schools and women widowed by lynching. What he witnessed – but did not experience – informed his 21-part series of front page articles for the Post-Gazette. He followed up the series by publishing a widely panned 1949 memoir, “In the Land of Jim Crow.”

Sprigle never won that second Pulitzer.

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Cosplaying as Black

Sprigle’s more famous successor, John Howard Griffin, published his memoir, “Black Like Me,” in 1961.

Like Sprigle, Griffin explored the South as a temporary Black man, darkening his skin with pills intended to treat vitiligo, a skin disease that causes splotchy losses of pigmentation. He also used stains to even his skin tone and spent time under a tanning lamp.

During his weeks as “Joseph Franklin,” Griffin encountered racism on a number of occasions: White thugs chased him, bus drivers refused to let him disembark to pee, store managers denied him work, closeted, gay white men aggressively hit on him, and otherwise nice-seeming white people grilled him with what Griffin called the “hate stare.” Once Griffin resumed being white and news broke about his racial experiment, his white neighbors from his hometown in Mansfield, Texas, hanged him in effigy.

For his work, Griffin was lauded as an icon in empathy. Since, unlike Sprigle, he experienced racist incidents himself, Griffin showed skeptical white readers what they refused to believe: Racism was real. The book became a bestseller and a movie, and is still included in school curricula – at the expense, I might add, of African-American literature.

Griffin’s importance to this genealogy extends beyond middle-schoolers reading “Black Like Me,” to his successor and mentee, Grace Halsell.

Halsell, a freelance journalist and former staff writer for Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration, decided to “become” a Black woman – first in Harlem in New York City, and then in Mississippi.

Without consulting any Black woman before baking herself caramel in tropical suns and using Griffin’s doctors to administer vitiligo-corrective medication, Halsell initially planned to “be” Black for a year. But after alleging someone attempted to sexually assault her while she was working as a Black domestic worker, Halsell ended her stint as a Black woman early.

Although her experiment only lasted six months, she still claimed to be someone who could authentically represent her “darker sisters” in her 1969 memoir, “Soul Sister.”

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Turn-of-the-century ‘race switching’

Forster writes that his 2024 memoir is the “fourth act” – after Sprigle, Griffin and Halsell – of what he calls “journalistic blackface.”

However, he is not, as he claims, “the first person to earnestly cross the color barrier in over half a century.”

In a 174-page book self-described as “gonzo” with only 17 citations, Forster failed to finish his homework.

In 1994, Joshua Solomon, a white college student, medically dyed his skin to “become” a Black man after reading “Black Like Me.” His originally planned, monthlong experiment in Georgia only lasted a few days. But he nonetheless detailed his experiences in an article for The Washington Post and netted an appearance on “The Oprah Winfrey Show.”

Then, in 2006, FX released, “Black. White.,” a six-part reality television series advertised as the “ultimate racial experiment.”

Two families – one white, the other Black – “switched” their races to perform versions of each-otherness while living together in Los Angeles. While the makeup team won a Primetime Emmy Award, the families said goodbye seething with resentment instead of understanding.

A masterclass of white arrogance

Believing it would distract from the findings of his experiment, Forster refuses to show readers his mochaface.

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Even after confronting evidence forcing him to question his project’s appropriateness, like the multiple articles condemning “wearing makeup to imitate the appearance of a Black person,” he insists his insights into American racism justify his methods and are different from the harmful legacies of blackface. As he stands on the side of the road, sun and sweat compromising whatever care he took to paint his face, Forster concludes that racism can be divided into two broad taxonomies: institutional and interpersonal.

The former, he believes, “is effectively dead,” and the latter is most often experienced as “shoulder,” like the subtle refusal to pick up a mocha-faced hitchhiker.

Forster’s Amazon book description touts “Seven Shoulders” as “the most important book on American race relations that has ever been written.”

Indeed, it is a masterclass – but one on the arrogance of white assumptions about Blackness.

To believe that the richness of Black identity can be understood through a temporary costume trivializes the lifelong trauma of racism. It turns the complexity of Black life into a stunt.

Whether it’s Forster’s premise that Black people are ill-equipped to testify about their own experiences, his sketchy citations, the hubris of his caricature or the venom with which he speaks about the Black Lives Matter movement, Forster offers an important reminder that liberation can’t be bought at the drugstore.

Alisha Gaines, Associate Professor of English, Florida State University

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This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.

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In the world of inventions and innovations, recognition often eludes unsung heroes whose contributions shape our daily lives. One such hero, Philip B. Downing, an African American inventor, made a significant impact on the postal system with his innovative version of the U.S. postal mailbox. Though often overlooked, Downing’s inventions have left a lasting legacy on the way we handle and protect our mail. Let’s take a closer look at his life and achievements, while addressing misconceptions surrounding other names in the history of the street mailbox.

The Life and Inventions of Philip B. Downing:

Born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1857, Philip B. Downing faced numerous challenges and societal barriers as an African American inventor in the late 19th century. However, his determination and ingenuity propelled him forward.

While Downing is best known for his contribution to the development of the street railway switch, his impact on the postal system is equally significant. In 1891, he patented his version of the U.S. postal mailbox, incorporating an anti-tampering feature. This innovative design protected mail from the elements and tampering, ensuring its safe delivery. Downing’s other patents included an envelope moistener and a user-friendly desktop notepad.

The Legacy of Philip B. Downing:

Despite his notable inventions and their impact on the postal system during his time, Philip B. Downing’s name has been overshadowed by other inventors who were involved in the development of the mailbox. However, it is essential to recognize the contributions of all parties while ensuring historical accuracy.

Addressing Misconceptions:

Some mentions have been made of individuals such as JH VanDoran, but the evidence for their involvement in the development of the mailbox is scarce or nonexistent. On the other hand, the Van Dorn Iron Works Company of Cleveland, Ohio, played a crucial role in manufacturing collection boxes for the Post Office Department. It is worth acknowledging the contributions of all involved parties while setting the record straight.

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Philip B. Downing’s contributions as an inventor serve as an inspiring example of resilience and determination. His revolutionary designs in the postal system not only enhanced efficiency but also ensured the security of mail delivery. Downing’s remarkable achievements, often overshadowed by others, deserve recognition and remembrance. As we celebrate Moments in History, it is important to shine a light on the overlooked heroes like Philip B. Downing, whose work shapes our world today. Let us honor their legacies as we continue to aspire, innovate, and shape the future.

Sources:

National Postal Museum

– “Vanishing Americana: Lamp Post Letter Boxes” by James H. Bruns and Michael J. Lilly.

Philip B. Downing – United States Patent Office

https://patents.google.com/patent/US462093A/en

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_B._Downing

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The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.

https://stmdailynews.com/category/the-bridge

Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr., a prominent figure in American history, left an indelible mark through his remarkable contributions as an inventor, businessman, and community leader. Born on March 4, 1877, Morgan’s legacy continues to inspire generations. He is perhaps best known for inventing the three-position traffic signal, which significantly improved road safety and is still foundational to modern traffic systems. Additionally, Morgan invented a safety hood that served as an early prototype for gas masks, showcasing his commitment to public welfare. Beyond his inventions, Morgan was an influential businessman, successfully establishing the Cleveland Call newspaper. His leadership extended into the community, where he was actively involved in advocating for civil rights and supporting the African American community. His extraordinary life and innovations remain a testament to his ingenuity and dedication to making the world a safer, better place.

Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr – Inventor

One of Morgan’s most renowned inventions was the three-way traffic light, a pivotal innovation that revolutionized road safety and traffic management. This invention significantly reduced accidents and brought a sense of order to the chaotic streets of early 20th century America. Morgan’s traffic light introduced the concept of the “caution” signal—a yellow light that warned drivers to slow down—providing a crucial interval between the stop and go signals. This enhancement dramatically improved traffic flow and safety, setting the foundation for modern traffic control systems.

Additionally, his creation of the protective ‘smoke hood’ proved instrumental during the 1916 tunnel construction disaster rescue, saving numerous lives and highlighting his commitment to public safety. The smoke hood, a predecessor to the gas mask, was designed to filter out smoke and harmful gases, allowing wearers to breathe safely in hazardous environments. Its effectiveness was demonstrated during a tragic tunnel explosion underneath Lake Erie, where Morgan personally donned the hood to lead the rescue operation, pulling several workers to safety. This incident not only showcased the utility of his invention but also brought public recognition and validation to Morgan’s work.

Beyond his inventions, Morgan ventured into the realm of haircare, developing a groundbreaking chemical hair-processing solution that led to the establishment of the successful “G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company.” This solution, originally discovered inadvertently while working on sewing machine lubricants, became the first human hair-straightening product with widespread appeal, transforming the haircare industry. His company’s success enabled Morgan to diversify his interests and invest in other ventures, propelling him into the limelight as a prominent entrepreneur. Morgan’s entrepreneurial spirit and dedication to innovation paved the way for a complete line of haircare products, further solidifying his influence in multiple industries.

Morgan’s influence extended beyond the business world; he actively engaged in the civic and political advancement of African Americans, particularly in Cleveland, Ohio, and surrounding areas. He founded several civic organizations, such as the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, aimed at promoting African American rights and opportunities. Morgan was also an advocate for the desegregation of schools and public facilities, working tirelessly to ensure that African Americans had access to quality education and fair treatment. His efforts exemplified a commitment to fostering positive change and empowerment within his community, breaking down racial barriers and providing a platform for future generations of African American leaders.

In recognition of his significant contributions, several institutions and landmarks bear Morgan’s name, honoring his legacy. From the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science to the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant, his impact is immortalized in various locations across the United States. These institutions serve as reminders of his innovative spirit and dedication to public service, inspiring students and citizens to pursue their passions and contribute positively to society. Such acknowledgments reflect the far-reaching influence of Morgan’s work across different fields and communities.

Notably, Morgan’s legacy was nationally recognized at the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in Chicago in August 1963, underscoring his enduring influence and importance in American history. His trailblazing efforts were honored during this centennial, which celebrated progress in civil rights and applauded the achievements of influential figures like Morgan. His inclusion in the book “100 Greatest African Americans” by Molefi Kete Asante further solidifies his place among the most influential figures in African American history, providing an enduring record of his impact and contributions.

Morgan’s inventions continue to captivate audiences, with his safety hood featured on popular television shows like “Inventions that Shook the World” and “Mysteries at the Museum,” showcasing the lasting impact of his innovations on society. These programs highlight the historical context and profound significance of his inventions, educating new generations about his contributions and engineering prowess. Through such media exposures, Morgan’s legacy remains vibrant and relevant, illustrating the timeless nature of his work.

As an honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Morgan’s dedication to excellence and service continues to inspire individuals to strive for greatness and make a positive difference in their communities. The fraternity, renowned for its influence in the African American community, recognizes Morgan’s alignment with its ideals of scholarship, fellowship, and good character. Membership in this esteemed organization compels others to follow Morgan’s example of community involvement and leadership.

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The remarkable life and achievements of Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr. serve as a testament to the power of innovation, entrepreneurship, and advocacy, leaving a lasting legacy that resonates with generations past, present, and future. His story is not merely about personal triumphs and technological advancements but also about the profound impact one individual can have on society through vision, determination, and social consciousness. Morgan’s contributions have transcended time, posing as an enduring beacon of hope, resilience, and ingenuity for all aspiring innovators and advocates.

For more information about Garrett Morgan, check out the links below.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Morgan

1.  “US Patent: US1475024A ‘Traffic signal’ (1923)”. patents.google.
2.  “US Patent: US1113675A ‘Breathing device’ (1914)”. patents.google.
3. DeLuca, Leo. “Black Inventor Garrett Morgan Saved Countless Lives with Gas Mask and Improved Traffic Lights”. Scientific American. Retrieved June 25, 2023.

The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.

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