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Separating out signals recorded at the seafloor

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Credit: Clive Jones, Washington University in St. Louis
Roger Bryant studied ocean floor core samples at the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) facility at Washington University in St. Louis during his PhD studies. Bryant and David Fike have used this data to prove a discovery that will fundamentally change how scientists use pyrite sulfur isotopes to study oceanic conditions.
« Separating out signals recorded at the seafloor

Newswise — Blame it on plate tectonics. The deep ocean is never preserved, but instead is lost to time as the seafloor is subducted. Geologists are mostly left with shallower rocks from closer to the shoreline to inform their studies of Earth history.

“We have only a good record of the deep ocean for the last ~180 million years,” said David Fike, the Glassberg/Greensfelder Distinguished University Professor of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. “Everything else is just shallow-water deposits. So it’s really important to understand the bias that might be present when we look at shallow-water deposits.”

One of the ways that scientists like Fike use deposits from the seafloor is to reconstruct timelines of past ecological and environmental change. Researchers are keenly interested in how and when oxygen began to build up in the oceans and atmosphere, making Earth more hospitable to life as we know it.

For decades they have relied on pyrite, the iron-sulfide mineral known as “fool’s gold,” as a sensitive recorder of conditions in the marine environment where it is formed. By measuring the bulk isotopic composition of sulfur in pyrite samples — the relative abundance of sulfur atoms with slightly different mass — scientists have tried to better understand ancient microbial activity and interpret global chemical cycles.

But the outlook for pyrite is not so shiny anymore. In a pair of companion papers published Nov. 24 in the journal Science, Fike and his collaborators show that variations in pyrite sulfur isotopes may not represent the global processes that have made them such popular targets of analysis.

Instead, Fike’s research demonstrates that pyritte responds predominantly to local processes that should not be taken as representative of the whole ocean. A new microanalysis approach developed at Washington University helped the researchers to separate out signals in pyrite that reveal the relative influence of microbes and that of local climate.

For the first study, Fike worked with Roger Bryant, who completed his graduate studies at Washington University, to examine the grain-level distribution of pyrite sulfur isotope compositions in a sample of recent glacial-interglacial sediments. They developed and used a cutting-edge analytical technique with the secondary-ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) in Fike’s laboratory.

“We analyzed every individual pyrite crystal that we could find and got isotopic values for each one,” Fike said. By considering the distribution of results from individual grains, rather than the average (or bulk) results, the scientists showed that it is possible to tease apart the role of the physical properties of the depositional environment, like the sedimentation rate and the porosity of the sediments, from the microbial activity in the seabed.

“We found that even when bulk pyrite sulfur isotopes changed a lot between glacials and interglacials, the minima of our single grain pyrite distributions remained broadly constant,” Bryant said. “This told us that microbial activity did not drive the changes in bulk pyrite sulfur isotopes and refuted one of our major hypotheses.”

“Using this framework, we’re able to go in and look at the separate roles of microbes and sediments in driving the signals,” Fike said. “That to me represents a huge step forward in being able to interpret what is recorded in these signals.”

In the second paper, led by Itay Halevy of the Weizmann Institute of Science and co-authored by Fike and Bryant, the scientists developed and explored a computer model of marine sediments, complete with mathematical representations of the microorganisms that degrade organic matter and turn sulfate into sulfide and the processes that trap that sulfide in pyrite.

“We found that variations in the isotopic composition of pyrite are mostly a function of the depositional environment in which the pyrite formed,” Halevy said. The new model shows that a range of parameters of the sedimentary environment affect the balance between sulfate and sulfide consumption and resupply, and that this balance is the major determinant of the sulfur isotope composition of pyrite.

“The rate of sediment deposition on the seafloor, the proportion of organic matter in that sediment, the proportion of reactive iron particles, the density of packing of the sediment as it settles to the seafloor — all of these properties affect the isotopic composition of pyrite in ways that we can now understand,” he said.

Importantly, none of these properties of the sedimentary environment are strongly linked to the global sulfur cycle, to the oxidation state of the global ocean, or essentially any other property that researchers have traditionally used pyrite sulfur isotopes to reconstruct, the scientists said.

“The really exciting aspect of this new work is that it gives us a predictive model for how we think other pyrite records should behave,” Fike said. “For example, if we can interpret other records — and better understand that they are driven by things like local changes in sedimentation, rather than global parameters about ocean oxygen state or microbial activity — then we can try to use this data to refine our understanding of sea level change in the past.”

Source: Washington University in St. Louis

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Unveiling the Truth About Joro Spiders

Learn from the expert: Joro spiders are harmless. Understand their role in the ecosystem and dispel myths.

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Joro Spider
A Joro spider. « Joro spiders are nothing to worry about, explains expert Credit: Image courtesy Pexels.

The recent buzz surrounding the Joro spider on social media has caused a stir, with exaggerated stories painting them as a potential threat. However, according to expert entomologist Theresa Dellinger from Virginia Tech, there is no cause for alarm when it comes to these arachnids. Here are some key points that shed light on the reality of Joro spiders:

  1. Origin and Spread: Joro spiders are native to east Asia and likely made their way to the U.S. through imported materials. While they have been sighted in several states, including Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, they have not been reported in Virginia yet.
  2. Similarity to Other Spider Species: Joro spiders belong to the orb weaver family, much like other spider species found in the U.S. such as garden orb weavers and golden silk orbs. While they may look intimidating due to their size, they are not aggressive towards humans.
  3. Behavior and Concerns: Joro spiders are not known to pose any medical concerns, unless someone is specifically allergic to spider bites. They are shy creatures that feed on insects and play a role in controlling pest populations.
  4. Environmental Impact: As a non-native species, Joro spiders may impact the ecosystem by competing with native spider species. However, the long-term effects are still being studied.
  5. Precautions: Contrary to sensationalized claims, Joro spiders do not invade homes and do not require yard treatments. If they become a nuisance, they can be easily removed using a broom or insecticide spray.

Theresa Dellinger, an expert in entomology, provides valuable insights into the behavior and impact of Joro spiders, debunking myths and offering practical advice for coexisting with these creatures. As with any wildlife encounter, understanding the facts can help dispel unnecessary fear and promote a harmonious relationship with nature.

For more information, check out the Virginia Tech article.

To find additional details, take a look at the article from Virginia Tech.

https://www.newswise.com/articles/joro-spiders-are-nothing-to-worry-about-explains-expert

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McCain Foods Delivers on Promise by Planting 18,000 Trees in Wisconsin

McCain Foods fulfills promise, planting 18,000 trees in Wisconsin, beautifying Plover and promoting sustainability. A true commitment to the environment and community. #McCainFoods #Sustainability

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In a heartwarming display of commitment to the environment and the Plover community, McCain Foods has fulfilled its promise by planting 18,000 trees throughout Wisconsin. This inspiring initiative was part of the company’s pledge to replace and increase the number of trees cut down for the expansion of their appetizer processing plant in Plover.

A group of volunteers planting trees in a park, representing McCain Foods' commitment to sustainability and community.
McCain Foods and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources planted 18,000 new trees in Plover and surrounding communities last week. (prnewswire)

Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony:
Celebrating this remarkable achievement, McCain hosted a special ribbon-cutting ceremony in Plover last Friday. Howard Snape, the president of McCain Foods North America, expressed his pride in the company’s contribution. “With this initiative, McCain has added three times the number of trees we had to clear in Plover, beautifying the community while increasing its sustainability,” Snape shared. This event not only marked a milestone for McCain but also highlighted their dedication to fostering thriving communities.

Tree Planting Locations:
The 18,000 newly planted trees can be found in various locations, including the Douglas County Forest and throughout the Plover community. This carefully planned distribution ensures that the positive impact of the initiative is widespread. Local elementary schools, homes of growers, and the residences of McCain employees have all benefited from this sustainability effort. By incorporating trees into these areas, McCain aims to enhance the overall beauty and vitality of the community.

Commitment to Rural Areas:
With a network of 3,500 farmer partners worldwide, McCain has a significant presence in rural areas, often serving as the largest employer within those communities. The company values its role in creating sustainable livelihoods and fostering community development through donations, volunteering, and similar initiatives. The tree planting project is yet another testament to McCain’s dedication to these principles.

Sustainable Mission:
Sustainability lies at the core of McCain’s mission, as the company strives to celebrate real connections through delicious, planet-friendly foods. In line with global efforts to combat climate change, McCain has committed to reducing its emissions by 50% by 2030. This ambitious goal aligns with the international push to limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5°C.

A Greener and More Sustainable Community:
McCain Foods’ tree planting initiative showcases the company’s dedication to the environment and the communities it serves. By fulfilling their promise and planting 18,000 trees, McCain has not only beautified Plover but has also helped create a greener and more sustainable community. This initiative reflects their ethos of promoting environmental stewardship, community engagement, and long-term sustainability.


McCain Foods’ commitment to replanting and increasing the number of trees cut down for their expansion project in Plover is truly commendable. By planting 18,000 trees throughout Wisconsin, they have not only fulfilled their promise but have also made a significant positive impact on the environment and the Plover community. McCain has once again demonstrated their dedication to sustainability, showcasing their determination to make a difference for future generations.

About McCain Foods USA
McCain Foods USA is a leading supplier of frozen potato and snack food products for the foodservice markets, retail grocery chains and private label brands in restaurants and supermarket freezers across the country. McCain Foods USA Inc., headquartered in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois, employs 4,000 people and operates production facilities in Idaho, Maine, Nebraska, Washington and Wisconsin. https://www.mccainusafoodservice.com/

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The Resurgence of Tulare Lake: A Story of Resilience and Restoration

Rediscovery of Tulare Lake: A triumph of nature and indigenous resilience

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"Image: Aerial view of Tulare Lake, surrounded by greenery and mountains in the distance."
Tulare Lake. (2024, March 31). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake

In the heart of California’s San Joaquin Valley lies a tale of nature’s resilience and the enduring spirit of indigenous communities. Tulare Lake, once the largest body of freshwater west of the Mississippi River, vanished from the landscape over a century ago, leaving behind a legacy of environmental and cultural upheaval. But now, in a stunning turn of events, the ancient lake has returned, bringing with it hope, healing, and a renewed sense of connection to the land.

For the Tachi Yokut Tribe, Tulare Lake, known as Pa’ashi, holds deep historical and cultural significance. It was not just a body of water but a lifeline, sustaining both people and wildlife for generations. However, the lake’s disappearance in 1898 marked the beginning of a dark chapter in the region’s history. Indigenous communities were persecuted and displaced, and the land was transformed for farming through draining and irrigation—a testament to the era’s deeply entrenched settler colonialism.

Despite periodic reappearances in the decades that followed, Tulare Lake remained largely absent from the landscape until the barrage of atmospheric rivers that flooded California in 2023. Against all odds, the lake returned, defying expectations and rekindling a sense of wonder among those who witnessed its resurgence. Now, once again stretching across the valley, Tulare Lake serves as a beacon of hope and a symbol of nature’s resilience.

The return of Tulare Lake has brought about a cascade of positive effects, both ecological and cultural. Native species have reclaimed their habitats, and migratory birds once again grace the skies above the Pacific Flyway. For the Tachi Yokut Tribe, the lake’s resurgence represents a return to ancestral lands and traditions. Ceremonies are once again held along its shores, and native plants are being reintroduced, signaling a renewed connection to the land and its natural rhythms.

However, the rejuvenation of Tulare Lake is not without its challenges. The floods have caused significant damage to crops, homes, and infrastructure, posing a dilemma for policymakers and residents alike. Yet, amidst the destruction, there is a growing consensus that Tulare Lake should be allowed to remain. Recognizing its importance as a vital component of the region’s ecosystem, there is a call for a paradigm shift in how we view and interact with the land.

Letting Tulare Lake remain could not only heal the Central Valley’s relationship with water but also serve as a model for ecological restoration and coexistence. As efforts to drain the lake continue, it is imperative that we consider the long-term implications and embrace a more holistic approach to land management—one that prioritizes sustainability, resilience, and respect for indigenous knowledge and stewardship.

In the words of Kenny Barrios, a cultural liaison for the Tachi Yokut Tribe, “The lake is just like us.” Resilient, enduring, and deeply connected to the land, Tulare Lake stands as a testament to the power of nature and the human spirit. As we embark on this journey of restoration and reconciliation, let us draw inspiration from the ancient waters that have returned to reclaim their rightful place in the landscape.

Tulare Lake, also known as Tache Lake in Yokuts language, is a freshwater lake located in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, United States. It was historically the largest freshwater lake to the west of the Mississippi River. For thousands of years, from the Paleolithic era, Tulare Lake was a uniquely rich area that supported perhaps the largest population of Native Americans north of present-day Mexico.

In the latter half of the 19th century, Tulare Lake was drained by diverting its tributary rivers to support agricultural irrigation and municipal water usage. In contemporary times, it is typically a dry lakebed that features residual wetlands and marshes. The lake only reappears after episodes of unusually high rainfall or snowmelt, as it did in 1942, 1969, 1983, 1997, 1998, and 2023. (Wikipedia)

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