astronomy
Telescope Array detects second highest-energy cosmic ray ever
Newswise — In 1991, the University of Utah Fly’s Eye experiment detected the highest-energy cosmic ray ever observed. Later dubbed the Oh-My-God particle, the cosmic ray’s energy shocked astrophysicists. Nothing in our galaxy had the power to produce it, and the particle had more energy than was theoretically possible for cosmic rays traveling to Earth from other galaxies. Simply put, the particle should not exist.
The Telescope Array has since observed more than 30 ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, though none approaching the Oh-My-God-level energy. No observations have yet revealed their origin or how they are able to travel to the Earth.
On May 27, 2021, the Telescope Array experiment detected the second-highest extreme-energy cosmic ray. At 2.4 x 1020eV, the energy of this single subatomic particle is equivalent to dropping a brick on your toe from waist height. Led by the University of Utah (the U) and the University of Tokyo, the Telescope Array consists of 507 surface detector stations arranged in a square grid that covers 700 km2 (~270 miles2) outside of Delta, Utah in the state’s West Desert. The event triggered 23 detectors at the north-west region of the Telescope Array, splashing across 48 km2 (18.5 mi2). Its arrival direction appeared to be from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy.
“The particles are so high energy, they shouldn’t be affected by galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. You should be able to point to where they come from in the sky,” said John Matthews, Telescope Array co-spokesperson at the U and co-author of the study. “But in the case of the Oh-My-God particle and this new particle, you trace its trajectory to its source and there’s nothing high energy enough to have produced it. That’s the mystery of this—what the heck is going on?”
In their observation that published on Nov. 24, 2023, in the journal Science, an international collaboration of researchers describe the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, evaluate its characteristics, and conclude that the rare phenomena might follow particle physics unknown to science. The researchers named it the Amaterasu particle after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology. The Oh-My-God and the Amaterasu particles were detected using different observation techniques, confirming that while rare, these ultra-high energy events are real.
“These events seem like they’re coming from completely different places in the sky. It’s not like there’s one mysterious source,” said John Belz, professor at the U and co-author of the study. “It could be defects in the structure of spacetime, colliding cosmic strings. I mean, I’m just spit-balling crazy ideas that people are coming up with because there’s not a conventional explanation.”
Natural particle accelerators
Cosmic rays are echoes of violent celestial events that have stripped matter to its subatomic structures and hurled it through universe at nearly the speed of light. Essentially cosmic rays are charged particles with a wide range of energies consisting of positive protons, negative electrons, or entire atomic nuclei that travel through space and rain down onto Earth nearly constantly.
Cosmic rays hit Earth’s upper atmosphere and blasts apart the nucleus of oxygen and nitrogen gas, generating many secondary particles. These travel a short distance in the atmosphere and repeat the process, building a shower of billions of secondary particles that scatter to the surface. The footprint of this secondary shower is massive and requires that detectors cover an area as large as the Telescope Array. The surface detectors utilize a suite of instrumentation that gives researchers information about each cosmic ray; the timing of the signal shows its trajectory and the amount of charged particles hitting each detector reveals the primary particle’s energy.
Because particles have a charge, their flight path resembles a ball in a pinball machine as they zigzag against the electromagnetic fields through the cosmic microwave background. It’s nearly impossible to trace the trajectory of most cosmic rays, which lie on the low- to middle-end of the energy spectrum. Even high-energy cosmic rays are distorted by the microwave background. Particles with Oh-My-God and Amaterasu energy blast through intergalactic space relatively unbent. Only the most powerful of celestial events can produce them.
“Things that people think of as energetic, like supernova, are nowhere near energetic enough for this. You need huge amounts of energy, really high magnetic fields to confine the particle while it gets accelerated,” said Matthews.
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays must exceed 5 x 1019 eV. This means that a single subatomic particle carries the same kinetic energy as a major league pitcher’s fast ball and has tens of millions of times more energy than any human-made particle accelerator can achieve. Astrophysicists calculated this theoretical limit, known as the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff, as the maximum energy a proton can hold traveling over long distances before the effect of interactions of the microwave background radiation take their energy. Known source candidates, such as active galactic nuclei or black holes with accretion disks emitting particle jets, tend to be more than 160 million light years away from Earth. The new particle’s 2.4 x 1020 eV and the Oh-My-God particle’s 3.2 x 1020 eV easily surpass the cutoff.
Researchers also analyze cosmic ray composition for clues of its origins. A heavier particle, like iron nuclei, are heavier, have more charge and are more susceptible to bending in a magnetic field than a lighter particle made of protons from a hydrogen atom. The new particle is likely a proton. Particle physics dictates that a cosmic ray with energy beyond the GZK cutoff is too powerful for the microwave background to distort its path, but back tracing its trajectory points towards empty space.
“Maybe magnetic fields are stronger than we thought, but that disagrees with other observations that show they’re not strong enough to produce significant curvature at these ten-to-the-twentieth electron volt energies,” said Belz. “It’s a real mystery.”
Expanding the footprint
The Telescope Array is uniquely positioned to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. It sits at about 1,200 m (4,000 ft), the elevation sweet-spot that allows secondary particles maximum development, but before they start to decay. Its location in Utah’s West Desert provides ideal atmospheric conditions in two ways: the dry air is crucial because humidity will absorb the ultraviolet light necessary for detection; and the region’s dark skies are essential, as light pollution will create too much noise and obscure the cosmic rays.
Astrophysicists are still baffled by the mysterious phenomena. The Telescope Array is in the middle of an expansion that that they hope will help crack the case. Once completed, 500 new scintillator detectors will expand the Telescope Array will sample cosmic ray-induced particle showers across 2,900 km2 (1,100 mi2 ), an area nearly the size of Rhode Island. The larger footprint will hopefully capture more events that will shed light on what’s going on.
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Hello, stargazers and night sky enthusiasts! If you’ve been waiting for a celestial spectacle to light up the sky this year, look no further than the annual Perseid meteor shower. It’s a highlight each summer, and this year’s show has already begun, promising to offer some of the most breathtaking views yet.
What Makes the Perseids Special?
The Perseid meteor shower, active from late July to late August with a peak around mid-August, is one of the best and most reliable meteor showers of the year. Flying through the sky at a dazzling speed of 37 miles per second, the meteors streak across the night sky, decorating it with their radiant, colorful trails. These trails, or “wakes,” look like glowing lines momentarily etched into the dark canvas of space, creating a spectacle of natural fireworks.
Mark Your Calendars: Peak Viewing Times
This year, the grandest display is anticipated on the morning of August 12th. During the peak, you can expect to see between 50 to 100 meteors per hour. For the best viewing experience, find a spot away from city lights, and look up between midnight and dawn. This timing, when the skies are darkest, promises a clearer view and a greater number of meteors. Don’t worry if you can’t make it on the peak night; the Perseids are known for a strong buildup and you can start watching for meteors as early as the first week of August.
Why They Shine So Brightly
The science behind the spectacle is as fascinating as the visuals. Meteors, often referred to as “shooting stars,” are actually bits of comet debris entering Earth’s atmosphere at extremely high speeds. The Perseids originate from the comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle, which orbits the Sun every 133 years, shedding particles along its path. These particles then collide with Earth’s atmosphere, heating up due to the immense friction, and igniting the fiery trails we see from the ground.
Interestingly, the Perseids are particularly known for their fireballs: larger and more vivid meteors that produce an exceptionally bright and long-lasting display. This makes the Perseids one of the most spectacular meteor showers to observe.
Look to Perseus
The shower is named “Perseids” because the meteors seem to emerge from the constellation Perseus, helping observers know where to direct their gaze. Gather your friends, set up a cozy spot under the stars, and prepare to be mesmerized by these celestial fireworks.
Tips for Meteor Watchers
To maximize your Perseid experience, consider the following tips:
- Find a dark spot, away from the light pollution of urban areas.
- Bring a reclining chair or a blanket so you can lie back comfortably and look up.
- Allow your eyes about 15-30 minutes to adapt to the darkness for optimal viewing.
- No special equipment is needed, just your eyes, but a pair of binoculars might bring an enhanced view of the sky.
- Check the weather: clear, cloudless skies are best for meteor watching.
The Perseid meteor shower is not just a beautiful natural phenomenon but also a shared celestial event that unites sky watchers around the globe in wonder and excitement. So mark your calendars, and get ready to enjoy one of nature’s most dazzling shows. Whether you’re a novice watcher or a seasoned astronomer, the Perseids are sure to offer a memorable sky gazing experience. Happy meteor hunting!
If you want to learn more about the upcoming meteor showers, check out the link. https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/earthskys-meteor-shower-guide/
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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Stargazers and astronomy enthusiasts, mark your calendars! After a 68-year voyage through the vast reaches of our solar system, Comet 13P/Olbers is making a grand return, bringing with it a spectacular opportunity for celestial observations. On July 20, 2024, this fascinating cosmic traveler will be at its closest point to Earth, offering a unique glimpse into the dynamic and ever-changing universe we live in.
A Brief History of Comet 13P/Olbers
Discovered on March 6, 1815, by the German astronomer Heinrich Olbers, the comet that now bears his name has intrigued astronomers for over two centuries. Olbers, observing from Bremen, noticed the comet when it was faintly visible to the naked eye. Since its discovery, this periodic comet – named so due to its regular returns to the inner solar system – completes an orbit around the sun every 68 years.
The Spectacular 2024 Close Approach
This year, Comet 13P/Olbers made its perihelion (closest approach to the sun) on June 30 and is now racing towards its closest approach to Earth. On the evening of July 20, it will be about 176 million miles (283.5 million km) from our planet. Despite this considerable distance, Comet 13P/Olbers is currently the brightest comet gracing our skies, primarily found in the constellation of Ursa Major but swiftly moving toward Leo Minor in the northwestern sky.
How to Observe Comet 13P/Olbers
For those eager to catch a glimpse of this celestial wanderer, the current week offers the prime viewing window. Although the comet’s brightness is pegged at a magnitude of 6.5 to 7 – typically below the threshold of visibility to the naked eye – it should be readily observable through binoculars or a small telescope.
Observers in the Northern Hemisphere are particularly in luck, as they’ll have the best chance of spotting the comet. If you’re near the equator, try your luck by searching low on the horizon just after sunset, especially around July 16 when Comet 13P/Olbers will pass close to the irregular galaxy NGC 3104 in Leo Minor. This close passage not only provides a treat for the eyes but also a golden opportunity for astrophotographers looking to capture both the comet and galaxy in one frame.
A Celestial Event Not to Miss
Considering the next return of Comet 13P/Olbers is slated for March 2094, this year’s close approach serves as a rare and significant event for both amateur and professional astronomers. The comet’s journey through the cosmos is a reminder of the relentless and beautiful dynamism of our universe.
So whether you’re a seasoned astronomer with sophisticated equipment or an amateur stargazer with a simple pair of binoculars, make sure to step outside and take advantage of this cosmic spectacle. Observing and appreciating heavenly events like the return of Comet 13P/Olbers not only enrich our understanding of the universe but also add to the collective wonder and mystery of our starry skies.
Don’t miss the chance to observe Comet 13P/Olbers as it makes its closest approach to Earth on July 20, 2024. It’s a fleeting visit, and one not to be repeated for another 70 years. Grab your telescopes and binoculars, and look up to the stars, for there lies a wanderer from the depths of space, momentarily close enough to whisper the secrets of the cosmos.
Check out the article posted on EarthSky.com, they have sky maps so that you can find and track the comet. https://earthsky.org/space/comet-13p-olbers-finder-maps/
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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astronomy for hobbyist
The Perseid Meteor Shower Begins Today: When To See It At Its Best
Don’t miss the dazzling Perseid meteor shower starting today! Ideal conditions await for a mesmerizing celestial show under the night sky.
The much-anticipated Perseid meteor shower is set to dazzle viewers starting today, providing a celestial spectacle that is not to be missed. With ideal conditions aligning, including a 43%-lit waxing crescent moon sinking into the southwestern horizon just before midnight in the northern hemisphere, skygazers are in for a treat as they witness this breathtaking display.
For those looking to catch the Perseids at their peak, experts recommend planning ahead by booking Monday and Tuesday off and embarking on a camping trip to a dark sky location. This will allow for uninterrupted viewing of the meteor shower between 11:00 PM and dawn, promising a memorable experience under the stars.
One burning question on many minds is just how many “shooting stars” can be expected during the Perseids. While some sources suggest numbers as high as 150 per hour, a more realistic estimate hovers around 50 meteors per hour. Regardless, witnessing even a fraction of these celestial wonders is sure to leave a lasting impression.
The origins of the Perseid meteor shower trace back to comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle, a celestial body that orbits the sun every 133 years. Debris left by this comet in the inner solar system is responsible for the dazzling display seen during the Perseids, with meteors streaking through the sky at an astonishing 37 miles per second.
To maximize your chances of enjoying the Perseids to the fullest, NASA offers some valuable tips for viewing meteor showers. These include escaping urban light pollution, finding a dark, unobstructed viewing spot, dressing warmly, and exercising patience while scanning the sky for at least half an hour. Remember to refrain from using telescopes or binoculars, as they can hinder your ability to see meteors clearly.
As you prepare to witness the magic of the Perseid meteor shower, keep in mind that minimizing distractions such as cellphone use and white light sources will enhance your viewing experience. Embrace the beauty of the night sky, and allow yourself to be captivated by nature’s own fireworks display.
So, set your sights skyward, find a cozy spot under the stars, and prepare to be amazed by the wonder of the Perseids. Happy stargazing!
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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