astronomy
Telescope Array detects second highest-energy cosmic ray ever
Newswise — In 1991, the University of Utah Fly’s Eye experiment detected the highest-energy cosmic ray ever observed. Later dubbed the Oh-My-God particle, the cosmic ray’s energy shocked astrophysicists. Nothing in our galaxy had the power to produce it, and the particle had more energy than was theoretically possible for cosmic rays traveling to Earth from other galaxies. Simply put, the particle should not exist.
The Telescope Array has since observed more than 30 ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, though none approaching the Oh-My-God-level energy. No observations have yet revealed their origin or how they are able to travel to the Earth.
On May 27, 2021, the Telescope Array experiment detected the second-highest extreme-energy cosmic ray. At 2.4 x 1020eV, the energy of this single subatomic particle is equivalent to dropping a brick on your toe from waist height. Led by the University of Utah (the U) and the University of Tokyo, the Telescope Array consists of 507 surface detector stations arranged in a square grid that covers 700 km2 (~270 miles2) outside of Delta, Utah in the state’s West Desert. The event triggered 23 detectors at the north-west region of the Telescope Array, splashing across 48 km2 (18.5 mi2). Its arrival direction appeared to be from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy.
“The particles are so high energy, they shouldn’t be affected by galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. You should be able to point to where they come from in the sky,” said John Matthews, Telescope Array co-spokesperson at the U and co-author of the study. “But in the case of the Oh-My-God particle and this new particle, you trace its trajectory to its source and there’s nothing high energy enough to have produced it. That’s the mystery of this—what the heck is going on?”
In their observation that published on Nov. 24, 2023, in the journal Science, an international collaboration of researchers describe the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, evaluate its characteristics, and conclude that the rare phenomena might follow particle physics unknown to science. The researchers named it the Amaterasu particle after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology. The Oh-My-God and the Amaterasu particles were detected using different observation techniques, confirming that while rare, these ultra-high energy events are real.
“These events seem like they’re coming from completely different places in the sky. It’s not like there’s one mysterious source,” said John Belz, professor at the U and co-author of the study. “It could be defects in the structure of spacetime, colliding cosmic strings. I mean, I’m just spit-balling crazy ideas that people are coming up with because there’s not a conventional explanation.”
Natural particle accelerators
Cosmic rays are echoes of violent celestial events that have stripped matter to its subatomic structures and hurled it through universe at nearly the speed of light. Essentially cosmic rays are charged particles with a wide range of energies consisting of positive protons, negative electrons, or entire atomic nuclei that travel through space and rain down onto Earth nearly constantly.
Cosmic rays hit Earth’s upper atmosphere and blasts apart the nucleus of oxygen and nitrogen gas, generating many secondary particles. These travel a short distance in the atmosphere and repeat the process, building a shower of billions of secondary particles that scatter to the surface. The footprint of this secondary shower is massive and requires that detectors cover an area as large as the Telescope Array. The surface detectors utilize a suite of instrumentation that gives researchers information about each cosmic ray; the timing of the signal shows its trajectory and the amount of charged particles hitting each detector reveals the primary particle’s energy.
Because particles have a charge, their flight path resembles a ball in a pinball machine as they zigzag against the electromagnetic fields through the cosmic microwave background. It’s nearly impossible to trace the trajectory of most cosmic rays, which lie on the low- to middle-end of the energy spectrum. Even high-energy cosmic rays are distorted by the microwave background. Particles with Oh-My-God and Amaterasu energy blast through intergalactic space relatively unbent. Only the most powerful of celestial events can produce them.
“Things that people think of as energetic, like supernova, are nowhere near energetic enough for this. You need huge amounts of energy, really high magnetic fields to confine the particle while it gets accelerated,” said Matthews.
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays must exceed 5 x 1019 eV. This means that a single subatomic particle carries the same kinetic energy as a major league pitcher’s fast ball and has tens of millions of times more energy than any human-made particle accelerator can achieve. Astrophysicists calculated this theoretical limit, known as the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff, as the maximum energy a proton can hold traveling over long distances before the effect of interactions of the microwave background radiation take their energy. Known source candidates, such as active galactic nuclei or black holes with accretion disks emitting particle jets, tend to be more than 160 million light years away from Earth. The new particle’s 2.4 x 1020 eV and the Oh-My-God particle’s 3.2 x 1020 eV easily surpass the cutoff.
Researchers also analyze cosmic ray composition for clues of its origins. A heavier particle, like iron nuclei, are heavier, have more charge and are more susceptible to bending in a magnetic field than a lighter particle made of protons from a hydrogen atom. The new particle is likely a proton. Particle physics dictates that a cosmic ray with energy beyond the GZK cutoff is too powerful for the microwave background to distort its path, but back tracing its trajectory points towards empty space.
“Maybe magnetic fields are stronger than we thought, but that disagrees with other observations that show they’re not strong enough to produce significant curvature at these ten-to-the-twentieth electron volt energies,” said Belz. “It’s a real mystery.”
Expanding the footprint
The Telescope Array is uniquely positioned to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. It sits at about 1,200 m (4,000 ft), the elevation sweet-spot that allows secondary particles maximum development, but before they start to decay. Its location in Utah’s West Desert provides ideal atmospheric conditions in two ways: the dry air is crucial because humidity will absorb the ultraviolet light necessary for detection; and the region’s dark skies are essential, as light pollution will create too much noise and obscure the cosmic rays.
Astrophysicists are still baffled by the mysterious phenomena. The Telescope Array is in the middle of an expansion that that they hope will help crack the case. Once completed, 500 new scintillator detectors will expand the Telescope Array will sample cosmic ray-induced particle showers across 2,900 km2 (1,100 mi2 ), an area nearly the size of Rhode Island. The larger footprint will hopefully capture more events that will shed light on what’s going on.
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Hello fellow star gazers! 🌌 As an amateur astronomer and night sky enthusiast, I’m beyond excited to share that Comet C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS)—the most talked-about comet of 2024—is already gracing our skies! Right now, observers in the Southern Hemisphere are enjoying its brilliance, and it won’t be long before us in the Northern Hemisphere can join in on the excitement. So grab your binoculars and stargazing apps, because tonight could be your chance to catch this spectacular cosmic visitor!
What Makes C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) So Special?
Let’s dive into why this comet is capturing the imagination of so many. To begin with, C/2023 A3 is expected to be exceptionally bright. While its future brightness is still a work in progress (thanks to the unpredictable nature of comets), most sources agree that we might see it with the naked eye. If we’re lucky, it could even outshine the iconic Comet NEOWISE from the summer of 2020. Hasn’t it been a while since we’ve seen a comet this remarkable?
Additionally, C/2023 A3 is anticipated to develop an awe-inspiring cometary tail. After it swings past the Sun at a distance similar to Mercury’s orbit, the heat will cause its icy core to evaporate dramatically, leading to the formation of an impressive tail made of dust and gas. If history teaches us anything, it’s that comets heated by the Sun often exhibit the most striking tails.
For those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, this is particularly exciting! The last time we saw such a bright comet visible from northern latitudes was during the 1997 spectacle of Comet Hale-Bopp.
How to Spot C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) in the Night Sky
Curious about how you can locate this celestial beauty? The Star Walk 2 app is your best friend! Here’s a quick guide to help you find it:
- Download and open the Star Walk 2 app.
- Tap the magnifier icon located at the bottom left of the screen.
- Type in “C/2023 A3” and select the relevant search result.
- Hold your device up to the sky, and the app will point you directly to the comet’s current position!
Is C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) Visible Now?
Good news for those in the Southern Hemisphere! Currently, C/2023 A3 is visible in the mornings, appearing low in the eastern sky just before sunrise. With a current magnitude of about 2.6, it’s brighter than anticipated and continues to brighten daily.
If you’re in the Northern Hemisphere, the comet is a bit more challenging to see due to the Sun’s brightness; however, it’ll start becoming visible in early October.
Visibility Forecast: What Lies Ahead
Let’s paint a picture of what to expect in the coming weeks:
- September 27 – October 2: This is when the comet reaches perihelion, appearing in the early morning sky.
- October 10-12: The comet will become more visible in the evening, shortly after sunset, in the constellation Virgo. These dates are critical as it will be at its brightest around October 12, making it easier to see with the naked eye.
- October 15-31: The comet will fade but will still be visible with binoculars and telescopes.
The best time for observation is likely from October 10-12, just after sunset. So get out there—don’t miss the chance to witness this celestial wonder!
Tips for Photographing C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS)
If you’re an aspiring astrophotographer like me and you want to capture this comet on film, consider following these steps:
- Gear up: Have a DSLR or mirrorless camera, sturdy tripod, and a wide-angle or zoom lens ready.
- Camera Settings: Use manual mode with an ISO setting between 400 and 800, and a wide aperture of f/2.8 to f/4 to let in enough light.
- Location Matters: Pick a dark spot far from city lights. Star Walk 2 can help you find the comet’s exact location.
- Take Multiple Shots: For detailed images, take a series of photographs and use software like DeepSkyStacker for stacking.
- Post-processing: Tools like Photoshop will help refine your final image.
The Journey Ahead: What’s Next for C/2023 A3?
As we all wait in eager anticipation, it’s worth noting that C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) is on a long journey. It completes one orbit around the Sun roughly every 80,660 years! If you’re wondering what the future holds, after its approach in October, this comet will slowly fade from view and won’t return until the year 26,000.
To Wrap Up
Excitement is in the air as we prepare to welcome this spectacular comet! C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) is already putting on a show for observers in the Southern Hemisphere, and soon it will light up the skies for us in the North. As we gear up for this enchanting astronomical event, don’t forget to download the Star Walk 2 app to help you navigate the night sky like a pro.
Let’s get ready to bask in the glow of C/2023 A3—happy stargazing, everyone! 🌠
Useful References
https://vitotechnology.com/apps/star-walk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)
https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/advice/comet-c-2023-a3-tsuchinshan-atlas
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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astronomy
A new ‘guest star’ will appear in the sky in 2024 − a space scientist explains how nova events work and where to look
The nova explosion in T Coronae Borealis, visible from Earth in 2024, will be a unique celestial event, unlike the supernova of 1054.
Vahe Peroomian, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
The stars aren’t fixed and unchanging, unlike what many ancient people thought. Once in a while, a star appears where there wasn’t one before, and then it fades away in a matter of days or weeks.
The earliest record of such a “guest star,” named so by ancient Chinese astronomers, is a star that suddenly appeared in skies around the world on July 4, 1054. It quickly brightened, becoming visible even during the day for the next 23 days.
Astronomers in Japan, China and the Middle East observed this event, as did the Anasazi in what is now New Mexico.
In the second half of 2024, a nova explosion in the star system called T Coronae Borealis, or T CrB, will once again be visible to people on Earth. T CrB will appear 1,500 times brighter than usual, but it won’t be as spectacular as the event in 1054.
I am a space scientist with a passion for teaching physics and astronomy. I love photographing the night sky and astronomical events, including eclipses, meteor showers and once-in-a-lifetime astronomical events such as the T CrB nova. T CrB will become, at best, the 50th brightest star in the night sky – brighter than only half the stars in the Big Dipper. It might take some effort to find, but if you have the time, you’ll witness a rare event.
What is a nova?
In 1572, the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed a new star in the constellation Cassiopeia. After reporting the event in his work “De Nova Stella,” or “On the New Star,” astronomers came to associate the word nova with stellar explosions.
Stars, regardless of size, spend 90% of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores. How a star’s life ends, though, depends on the mass of the star. Very massive stars – those more than eight times the mass of our Sun – explode in dramatic supernova explosions, like the ones people observed in 1054 and 1572.
In lower mass stars, including our Sun, once the hydrogen in the core is exhausted, the star expands into what astronomers call a red giant. The red giant is hundreds of times its original size and more unstable. Eventually, all that is left is a white dwarf – an Earth-sized remnant made up of carbon and oxygen. White dwarves are a hundred thousand times denser than diamond. Unless they’re part of a binary star system, where two stars orbit each other, they slowly fade in brightness over billions of years and eventually disappear from sight.
T CrB is a binary star system – it’s made up of a red giant and a white dwarf, which orbit each other every 228 days at about half the distance between Earth and the Sun. The red giant is nearing the end of its life, so it has expanded dramatically, and it’s feeding material into a rotating disk of matter called an accretion disk, which surrounds the white dwarf.
Matter from the accretion disk, which is made mostly of hydrogen, spirals in and slowly accumulates on the surface of the white dwarf. Over time, this blanket of hydrogen becomes thicker and denser, until its temperature exceeds 18 million degrees Fahrenheit (10 million degrees Celsius).
A nova is a runaway thermonuclear reaction similar to the detonation of a hydrogen bomb. Once the accretion disk gets hot enough, a nova occurs where the hydrogen ignites, gets blown outward and emits bright light.
When will it occur?
Astronomers know of 10 recurrent novae – stars that have undergone nova explosions more than once. T CrB is the most famous of these. It erupts on average every 80 years.
Because T CrB is 2,630 light-years from Earth, it takes light 2,630 years to travel the distance from T CrB to Earth. The nova we will see later this year occurred over 2,000 years ago, but its light will be just reaching us later this year.
The accretion of hydrogen on the surface of the white dwarf is like sand in an 80-year hourglass. Each time a nova occurs and the hydrogen ignites, the white dwarf itself is unaffected, but the surface of the white dwarf is wiped clean of hydrogen. Soon after, hydrogen begins accreting on the surface of the white dwarf again: The hourglass flips, and the 80-year countdown to the next nova begins anew.
Careful observations during its past two novae in 1866 and 1946 showed that T CrB became slightly brighter about 10 years before the nova was visible from Earth. Then, it briefly dimmed. Although scientists aren’t sure what causes these brightness changes, this pattern has repeated, with a brightening in 2015 and a dimming in March 2023.
Based on these observations, scientists predict the nova will be visible to us sometime in 2024.
How bright will it be?
Astronomers use a magnitude system first devised by Hipparchus of Nicaea more than 2,100 years ago to classify the brightness of stars. In this system, a difference of 5 in magnitude signifies a change by a factor of 100 in brightness. The smaller the magnitude, the brighter the star.
In dark skies, the human eye can see stars as dim as magnitude 6. Ordinarily, the visible light we receive from T CrB comes entirely from its red giant, a magnitude 10 star barely visible with binoculars.
During the nova event, the white dwarf’s exploding hydrogen envelope will brighten to a magnitude 2 or 3. It will briefly become the brightest star in its home constellation, Corona Borealis. This maximum brightness will last only several hours, and T CrB will fade from visibility with the naked eye in a matter of days.
Where to look
Corona Borealis is not a prominent constellation. It’s nestled above Bootes and to the west of Ursa Major, home to the Big Dipper, in northern skies.
To locate the constellation, look due west and find Arcturus, the brightest star in that region of the sky. Then look about halfway between the horizon and zenith – the point directly above you – at 10 p.m. local time in North America.
Corona Borealis is approximately 20 degrees above Arcturus. That’s about the span of one hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky, at arm’s length. At its brightest, T CrB will be brighter than all the stars in Corona Borealis, but not as bright as Arcturus. https://www.youtube.com/embed/4FWiaWlMGLg?wmode=transparent&start=0 To find Corona Borealis, locate Arcturus, and then look about a handspan above.
You can also use an interactive star chart such as Stellarium, or one of the many apps available for smartphones, to locate the constellation. Familiarizing yourself with the stars in this region of the sky before the nova occurs will help identify the new star once T CrB brightens.
Although T CrB is too far from Earth for this event to rival the supernova of 1054, it is nevertheless an opportunity to observe a rare astronomical event with your own eyes. For many of us, this will be a once-in-a-lifetime event.
For children, however, this event could ignite a passion in astronomy. Eighty years in the future, they may look forward to observing it once again.
Vahe Peroomian, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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Science
A Spectacular Sight: The Bright Flash in the Sky Explained
Residents of the Midwest and Southeast were amazed by the flash of a bright “fireball” meteor that lit up the sky last Thursday night, sparking joy and curiosity.
Last Thursday night, residents across the Midwest and Southeastern U.S. were treated to an extraordinary celestial event that turned the night sky into a spectacular show. At approximately 9:45 p.m. EST, a brilliant flash lit up the heavens, captivating all who saw it. Reports of the phenomenon poured in, with some onlookers describing the sight as akin to “a basketball on fire.”
The Flash
But what exactly was this bright object that seized the attention of hundreds? According to Dr. Wes Ryle, an astronomer at the Cincinnati Observatory, this luminous display was caused by a “fireball” – an exceptionally bright meteor hurtling through the Earth’s atmosphere at incredible speeds. These fireballs are large meteoric events that stand out due to their size and the intense light they emit as they burn through the atmosphere.
Frequent Flyers in Our Skies
Interestingly, Dr. Ryle pointed out that such events are more common than most might think. “This kind of thing actually happens pretty frequently,” he remarked during an interview with WXIX Fox 19. He elaborated that even when there isn’t a meteor shower happening, our planet regularly encounters debris from space, from tiny grains of sand to larger objects like the one witnessed on Thursday.
Fireballs: A Rare Encounter
Although meteors regularly enter Earth’s atmosphere, fireballs are considerably rarer due to their larger size. According to Dr. Ryle, “Fireballs appear brighter as they’re going down because they are larger in size.” This makes fireballs a stunning, if not occasional, spectacle in the night sky. If you missed this event, there’s no need to worry; such occurrences happen every few days to a week. However, the visibility of these events greatly depends on whether they occur over populated areas and at times when people are likely to observe them.
Did You Hear That?
More intriguingly, some fireballs can produce sounds if they explode close enough to the Earth’s surface. From the recent event, 15 out of 177 reports included mentions of a sound associated with the fireball, though Dr. Ryle noted it’s hard to confirm whether these sounds were directly related to the fireball.
Where Do They Go?
Most meteors disintegrate and burn up in the atmosphere, but occasionally, some debris might make it to the ground. “If a fireball is sufficiently big, there’s always that chance that some debris will actually land,” Dr. Ryle explained. While finding meteorites—especially in regions like Ohio, Kentucky, or Indiana—can be challenging due to the terrain, modern technology such as Ring doorbell cameras and traffic cameras can help track these meteorites’ trajectories.
A Marvel, Not a Menace
Despite the dramatic flare-up in the sky, Dr. Ryle reassured that such events are not cause for alarm but rather an exciting natural phenomenon to observe. He encouraged people to appreciate these rare sights as part of the incredible world of astronomy.
For anyone eager to learn more or who might have captured this moment on camera, the American Meteor Society welcomes reports, videos, and photos on their website. This interaction helps enhance our understanding of these fiery visitors and their journeys through our sky.
In essence, while the term “shooting star” might be a misnomer, the awe-inspiring sight of a meteor blazing through our atmosphere continues to ignite curiosity and wonder about our celestial surroundings.
More about the Thursday Night Flash
https://www.fox19.com/2024/08/23/did-you-see-bright-flash-sky-thursday-night-heres-what-it-was
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