News
Trees ‘remember’ wetter times − never having known abundant rain could buffer today’s young forests against climate change
In a changing climate, trees exhibit “legacy effects” from past droughts or wet periods. Young trees, adapted to arid conditions, offer hope for future forest resilience amidst escalating climate challenges globally.
Alana Chin, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
What does the future hold for forests in a warmer, drier world? Over the past 25 years, trees have been dying due to effects of climate change around the world. In Africa, Asia, North America, South America and Europe, drought stress amplified by heat is killing trees that have survived for centuries.
Old trees may have grown through entire millennia that were wetter than the past 20 years. We are scientists who study forest dynamics, plant ecology and plant physiology. In a recent study, we found that trees can remember times when water was plentiful and that this memory continues to shape their growth for many years after wet phases end.
This research makes us optimistic that young trees of today, which have never known 20th-century rainfall, have not shaped their structure around water abundance and thus may be better equipped to survive in a chronically dry world.
What if we water the forest?
This study built on nearly 20 years of forest research in response to early warning signs of forest loss in the 1990s in the dry Rhône River Valley of the Swiss Alps. At that time, scientists observed that Scots pine trees that had stood for around 100 years were declining and dying. They wondered whether drought or other climate factors were driving this loss.
To tackle this question, researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research designed an ecological experiment. To understand the impacts of drought, they would irrigate a mature forest, doubling natural summertime rainfall, and then compare how these water-rich trees fared in comparison with those receiving only natural precipitation.
The Pfynwald experiment, launched in 2003, has shown that trees survived at higher rates in irrigated plots. After 17 years of irrigation, the team found that irrigation didn’t just help trees survive dry phases – it also increased their growth rates. https://www.youtube.com/embed/OA7A-xWhDeo?wmode=transparent&start=0 Tree physiologist Leonie Schönbeck conducts research at Pfynwald, a natural reserve in southern Switzerland, to learn how trees take up and store energy and use their reserves to recover from drought.
Legacy effects are forests’ memories
Trees experiencing drought alter their leaves, wood and roots in ways that prime them for continued dry conditions. Wood under drought might have smaller cells that are less vulnerable to future damage, and roots might increase relative to leaf area. These structural changes persist after the drought has passed and continue to influence the tree’s growth and ability to tolerate stress for many years.
Known as “legacy effects,” these lingering post-drought impacts represent an ecological memory of past climatic conditions at the tree and forest level. Knowing that trees hold a persistent memory of past dry phases, researchers wondered whether they might also show structural changes in response to past wet periods.
Eleven years after summertime irrigation started in Pfynwald, scientists stopped irrigating half of each plot in 2013 to address this question. The formerly irrigated trees, which at this point were about 120 years old, had experienced a lasting period of irrigation – but now those times of plenty were over.
Would the trees remember? A decade later, we found out.
Trees, trains and particle accelerators
On an early March morning in 2023, two of us (Alana Chin and Marcus Schaub) met at Pfynwald to collect very fresh leaf and twig samples so that we and colleagues could look inside to search for signs of lasting effects of past water richness.
At the site, we climbed canopy access towers to collect newly grown treetop leaves and twigs from control trees that had never been irrigated; trees that had been irrigated every summer since 2003; and formerly irrigated trees that had not received irrigation water since 2013.
We took our samples to the Swiss Light Source, an intensely powerful synchrotron – a type of particle accelerator that produces the world’s most intense beams of light. This facility is the home of the TOMCAT, an extremely high-resolution X-ray that allowed us to look inside our leaves and twigs without disturbing their structure.
Scanning our samples took all night, but when we stumbled out of the building, we had images capturing every cell in exquisite detail.
The memory of water
We found that the new leaves of once-irrigated trees were different from both continually watered trees and never-watered control trees. Leaves carry out photosynthesis that fuels a tree’s survival and growth. Inside them, we could see the legacy of past water abundance, written in the size, shape and arrangement of cells.
Reading this cellular signature, we observed that, at the expense of structures promoting productivity, formerly irrigated trees showed every sign of chronic water stress – even more so than never-irrigated trees. In their anatomy, we saw why these trees that had it easy for 11 wet years were now growing slowly.
Every cell in a leaf comes with a trade-off. Trees must balance investments in rapid photosynthesis with others that promote leaf survival. Rather than building the cells used to harvest sunlight and ship sugar to the rest of the tree, leaves on the trees that had been irrigated showed every indication of drought stress we could think to measure.
After receiving extra water for an 11-year stretch and then losing it, the trees were producing new, tiny leaves that invested mostly in their own survival. The leaves were structured to protect themselves from insects and drought and to store water reserves. Compared with leaves on trees that had never known irrigation, these looked as though they were in the middle of the drought of the century.
While this memory of water might seem negative, it likely once helped trees “learn” from past conditions to survive in variable environments. The formerly irrigated trees did not know that humans had played a trick on them. Like trees experiencing climate change, they had no way of knowing that the water was not coming back.
When trees experience a drought event, recovery can mean reaching a “new normal” state, in which they are prepared to survive the next drought, with smaller, less vulnerable cells and increased energy reserves to ‘save up’ for future dry periods. They may have deeper roots or a smaller pool of leaves to support, helping them prepare for an unstable environment.
We wanted to know whether the same was true of trees that had experienced water abundance. Were they waiting in distress for the water to return?
Hard times may make tough trees
In some temperate forests, like the ones we studied in Switzerland, old trees once knew levels of water abundance that now are gone, thanks to climate change. That past abundance may have locked into place structural and epigenetic changes in the trees that are mismatched to today’s drier world. If this is true, then some of today’s devastating global tree mortality events may be, in part, due to the legacy effects of past water abundance.
In most of the world’s temperate forests, however, the current cohort of young forest trees – those sprouting in the past 15 to 20 years – has managed to establish itself under conditions that once would have been considered chronic drought. Those young trees, which have survived an endless dry period, will form the forests of the future.
In all, our observations in Pfynwald have provided us some room for hope that young trees currently taking their place in many forests worldwide may be better prepared to cope with the world as humans have shaped it. Climate shifts in recent decades have primed them for hard times, without the lingering memory of water.
Alana Chin, Assistant Professor of Plant Physiology, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Professor of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Group Leader, Forest Dynamics and Ecophysiology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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The Bridge
Celebrating the Legacy of Dr. Patricia Era Bath: A Trailblazer in Ophthalmology and Beyond
In a world where innovation often shapes the future, few have left as profound a mark as Dr. Patricia Era Bath. Born on November 4, 1942, Dr. Bath transcended boundaries, redefining what it means to be a pioneer in medicine and a champion for the underserved. Her journey is not just a testament to her incredible intellect and skill as an ophthalmologist, but also to her unwavering commitment to humanitarianism and social justice.
A Visionary in Ophthalmology
Dr. Bath was not only a skilled surgeon; she was a revolutionary. As one of the early pioneers of laser cataract surgery, her work has changed the lives of countless individuals worldwide. The development of this innovative technique not only improved patient outcomes but also symbolized a turning point in ophthalmic surgery. With her groundbreaking achievements, Dr. Bath illustrated that the intersection of science and compassion could embody the essence of healthcare.
Her trailblazing career included being the first woman inducted as a member of the prestigious Jules Stein Eye Institute and the first woman to lead a post-graduate training program in ophthalmology. Moreover, her remarkable journey culminated in her becoming the first African-American woman on the staff at the UCLA Medical Center, where she pushed boundaries in a field historically dominated by men.
A Legacy of Firsts
Dr. Bath’s legacy is marked by her groundbreaking “firsts.” She was the first African-American person to complete residency in ophthalmology at New York University and the first African-American woman to serve as a surgeon at UCLA Medical Center. Even more impressive is her achievement of becoming the first African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical invention, holding five patents in total.
Among her most notable contributions is the founding of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C., where she tirelessly worked to raise awareness and address disparities in access to eye care. Dr. Bath’s pioneering spirit extended beyond her profession; she propelled an entire generation toward a future where access to quality medical treatment is a right, not a privilege.
A Voice for the Voiceless
Dr. Bath’s humanitarian work extended to advocacy as she sought to illuminate the challenges faced by marginalized communities in achieving equitable healthcare. In 2009, she was honored to stand beside President Barack Obama, recognizing her contributions in ophthalmology and serving on his commission for digital accessibility to blind children. Her efforts highlighted the pressing need for inclusivity in healthcare, technology, and education—echoing her steadfast belief that everyone deserves access to the tools that enhance sight and learning.
In April 2019, just weeks before her passing, Dr. Bath shared her insights during a Senate hearing titled “Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation.” Her testimony shed light on the gender disparities in STEM fields and the crucial need for recognition and support of female inventors. Even in her final days, she was a beacon of hope and progress.
Remembering Dr. Patricia Bath
Dr. Patricia Era Bath passed away on May 30, 2019, due to cancer-related complications, leaving behind an inspiring legacy of resilience, empathy, and innovation. At age 76, she had changed the very fabric of medicine while reminding us of the vital importance of diversity in healthcare.
As we celebrate Dr. Bath’s life, let us remember her not only for her remarkable achievements but also for the path she has paved for future generations. Her legacy lives on, reminding us that the fight for equity in healthcare is far from over and that the spirit of innovation fuels our collective journey toward progress.
In honor of Dr. Bath, let us continue her mission to advance healthcare for all, celebrate diversity in all its forms, and strive to make the world a more equitable place—for sight, for education, and for justice. Rest in peace, Dr. Patricia Era Bath. Your vision changed the world, and you will forever be remembered as a true trailblazer.
Patricia Bath (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Bath
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Space and Tech
Blue Origin Announces Crew for New Shepard’s 31st Mission
🚀 Exciting news! Blue Origin announces its all-female crew for New Shepard’s NS-31 mission, featuring inspiring leaders like Katy Perry and Gayle King! 🌟
Blue Origin has exciting news as it announces the six remarkable individuals selected to fly on the NS-31 mission, the 11th human flight of its New Shepard program. This mission, set to launch this spring, features an inspiring all-female crew comprised of Aisha Bowe, Amanda Nguyen, Gayle King, Katy Perry, Kerianne Flynn, and Lauren Sánchez. These extraordinary women aim not only to explore the wonders of space but also to empower and inspire future generations.
Meet the NS-31 Crew
Aisha Bowe
Aisha is a former NASA rocket scientist and a dedicated advocate for STEM education. As the CEO of STEMBoard, she leads an engineering firm that has made waves in the industry, being recognized twice on the Inc. 5000 list of America’s fastest-growing private companies. Additionally, she founded LINGO, an edtech company focused on providing tech skills to students worldwide. Inspired by her own journey from community college to space, Aisha hopes her experience will motivate young people, particularly in the Bahamas, to chase their dreams.
Amanda Nguyen
Amanda is a bioastronautics research scientist with an impressive academic background, having graduated from Harvard and conducted research at prominent institutions like MIT and NASA. She played a role in the last NASA shuttle mission and is renowned for her advocacy work for sexual violence survivors, earning her a Nobel Peace Prize nomination. As the first Vietnamese and Southeast Asian woman astronaut, Amanda’s flight symbolizes a powerful reconciliation between the United States and Vietnam, using science as a pathway to peace.
Gayle King
An award-winning journalist and co-host of CBS Mornings, Gayle King has a reputation for her heartfelt interviews and thought-provoking discussions. With a career built on compassion and insight, she embraces new challenges, including being part of Blue Origin’s first all-female flight team. Gayle looks forward to stepping outside her comfort zone and experiencing the thrill of space travel.
Katy Perry
As one of the best-selling female artists of all time, Katy Perry brings her star power to the NS-31 mission. Beyond her music career, she is a passionate advocate for various philanthropic causes, serving as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Through her Firework Foundation, Katy inspires underserved children to express themselves through the arts. Being part of this historic all-female crew fills her with pride, and she hopes her journey serves as a beacon of inspiration for her daughter and all aspiring dreamers.
Kerianne Flynn
After successful careers in fashion and human resources, Kerianne Flynn dedicated the last decade to community-building and storytelling through nonprofit work and film production. Her recent projects explore crucial social themes, including women in Hollywood and fair pay advocacy. With a lifelong passion for exploration and adventure, Kerianne aims to inspire her son, Dex, and a new generation of dreamers with her flight aboard New Shepard.
Lauren Sánchez
Lauren is an Emmy Award-winning journalist, bestselling author, and licensed helicopter pilot. As Vice Chair of the Bezos Earth Fund, she is committed to addressing pressing climate issues. In 2016, she founded Black Ops Aviation, the first female-owned aerial film and production company. Her children’s book, The Fly Who Flew to Space, became a New York Times bestseller. Lauren’s goal is to motivate the next generation of explorers to reach for the stars.
A Historic Mission
The NS-31 mission is a remarkable milestone for Blue Origin, being the first all-female flight crew since Valentina Tereshkova’s solo flight in 1963. This mission marks the 31st flight in New Shepard’s history, with the program having successfully flown 52 individuals above the Kármán line, the globally recognized boundary of space.
Read the press release: https://www.blueorigin.com/fr-FR/news/new-shepard-ns-31-mission
As anticipation builds for the upcoming launch, we celebrate these extraordinary women and their commitment to breaking barriers and inspiring future generations to follow their dreams. For those interested in flying on a future New Shepard mission, additional details can be found at BlueOrigin.com/New-Shepard/Fly.
Stay tuned for more updates as we approach this exciting launch!
Source: Blue Origin
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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The Knowledge
The Mystical Glow of the Night Sky: Exploring Zodiacal Light
Zodiacal light, seen before sunrise, is sunlight scattering off interplanetary dust in the zodiacal cloud. It represents a cosmic connection, best viewed in dark, clear locations during specific times of the year.
Have you ever looked up at the night sky and noticed a faint glow, gracefully extending from the horizon in a triangular shape? This enchanting phenomenon is known as zodiacal light, often referred to as “false dawn” when it’s visible just before sunrise. While it may seem like a mere trick of the light, the zodiacal light holds a fascinating story about the universe surrounding our planet.
The Science Behind Zodiacal Light
Zodiacal light is the result of sunlight scattering off interplanetary dust, creating a delicate illumination in the night sky. This dust resides in a thick, pancake-shaped cloud known as the zodiacal cloud, which orbits in the ecliptic plane of our Solar System. Ranging from 10 to 300 micrometers in size, these tiny particles have masses that can span from one nanogram to several micrograms. Together, they contribute to what we see as a soft glow, complementing the natural light of a moonless night.
Interestingly, zodiacal light can be seen most effectively in dark locations, far away from the interference of city lights or moonlight. When conditions are perfect—a clear night with minimal light pollution—this soft glow stretches from the direction of the Sun, gracefully illuminating the darker parts of the sky. It’s most prominent in the western sky during spring after sunset and in the eastern sky during autumn before dawn.
The Origins of Cosmic Dust
The source of the dust that creates zodiacal light has long been a subject of exploration and debate. Initially thought to originate from active comet tails or collisions among asteroids, recent research suggests that a significant portion of the dust comes from the gradual fragmentation of dormant comets, specifically those in the Jupiter-family category.
When comets break apart, they send tiny fragments scattering through space. As these particles eventually disintegrate further due to collisions and space weathering, they continue to replenish the zodiacal dust cloud. This dynamic relationship ensures that our view of zodiacal light is not just a fleeting moment, but a persistent feature of our cosmic environment.
Viewing Zodiacal Light: Tips and Tricks
To catch a glimpse of this celestial beauty, timing and location are crucial. For those in mid-latitude regions, the ideal times to observe zodiacal light are during the evenings in spring and mornings in autumn. Choose a spot far from city lights, under a clear and moonless sky. As twilight fades, lean back, breathe in the fresh evening air, and let your eyes adjust to the darkness.
The sight will often reveal a column of light that appears brighter near the horizon and tilts at an angle parallel to the ecliptic. Often mistaken for a glimpse of the Milky Way, zodiacal light offers a serene reminder of the intricate cosmos we inhabit.
The Connection to Gegenschein
Zodiacal light isn’t the only celestial phenomenon related to interplanetary dust. There’s also the gegenschein, or “counterglow,” which is a faint oval glow seen directly opposite the Sun. This unique aspect of zodiacal light and gegenschein adds depth to our understanding of celestial phenomena and invites us to ponder our place in the universe.
A Cosmic Invitation
Zodiacal light is not just a backdrop for the stars; it represents a beautiful, cosmic connection between our planet and the infinity beyond. It serves as a gentle reminder of the fleeting moments in nature—moments that encourage us to pause, look up, and marvel at the intricate dance of light and dust that swirls around us.
So next time you find yourself under a dark sky, take a moment to seek out this enchanting glow. The zodiacal light is waiting, inviting you to experience the magic of our universe. Happy stargazing!
For more information visit these links:
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiacal_light
Earth-Sky: https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/zodiacal-light-false-dusk-how-to-see-explanation/
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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