News
Trees ‘remember’ wetter times − never having known abundant rain could buffer today’s young forests against climate change
In a changing climate, trees exhibit “legacy effects” from past droughts or wet periods. Young trees, adapted to arid conditions, offer hope for future forest resilience amidst escalating climate challenges globally.
Alana Chin, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
What does the future hold for forests in a warmer, drier world? Over the past 25 years, trees have been dying due to effects of climate change around the world. In Africa, Asia, North America, South America and Europe, drought stress amplified by heat is killing trees that have survived for centuries.
Old trees may have grown through entire millennia that were wetter than the past 20 years. We are scientists who study forest dynamics, plant ecology and plant physiology. In a recent study, we found that trees can remember times when water was plentiful and that this memory continues to shape their growth for many years after wet phases end.
This research makes us optimistic that young trees of today, which have never known 20th-century rainfall, have not shaped their structure around water abundance and thus may be better equipped to survive in a chronically dry world.
What if we water the forest?
This study built on nearly 20 years of forest research in response to early warning signs of forest loss in the 1990s in the dry Rhône River Valley of the Swiss Alps. At that time, scientists observed that Scots pine trees that had stood for around 100 years were declining and dying. They wondered whether drought or other climate factors were driving this loss.
To tackle this question, researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research designed an ecological experiment. To understand the impacts of drought, they would irrigate a mature forest, doubling natural summertime rainfall, and then compare how these water-rich trees fared in comparison with those receiving only natural precipitation.
The Pfynwald experiment, launched in 2003, has shown that trees survived at higher rates in irrigated plots. After 17 years of irrigation, the team found that irrigation didn’t just help trees survive dry phases – it also increased their growth rates. https://www.youtube.com/embed/OA7A-xWhDeo?wmode=transparent&start=0 Tree physiologist Leonie Schönbeck conducts research at Pfynwald, a natural reserve in southern Switzerland, to learn how trees take up and store energy and use their reserves to recover from drought.
Legacy effects are forests’ memories
Trees experiencing drought alter their leaves, wood and roots in ways that prime them for continued dry conditions. Wood under drought might have smaller cells that are less vulnerable to future damage, and roots might increase relative to leaf area. These structural changes persist after the drought has passed and continue to influence the tree’s growth and ability to tolerate stress for many years.
Known as “legacy effects,” these lingering post-drought impacts represent an ecological memory of past climatic conditions at the tree and forest level. Knowing that trees hold a persistent memory of past dry phases, researchers wondered whether they might also show structural changes in response to past wet periods.
Eleven years after summertime irrigation started in Pfynwald, scientists stopped irrigating half of each plot in 2013 to address this question. The formerly irrigated trees, which at this point were about 120 years old, had experienced a lasting period of irrigation – but now those times of plenty were over.
Would the trees remember? A decade later, we found out.
Trees, trains and particle accelerators
On an early March morning in 2023, two of us (Alana Chin and Marcus Schaub) met at Pfynwald to collect very fresh leaf and twig samples so that we and colleagues could look inside to search for signs of lasting effects of past water richness.
At the site, we climbed canopy access towers to collect newly grown treetop leaves and twigs from control trees that had never been irrigated; trees that had been irrigated every summer since 2003; and formerly irrigated trees that had not received irrigation water since 2013.
We took our samples to the Swiss Light Source, an intensely powerful synchrotron – a type of particle accelerator that produces the world’s most intense beams of light. This facility is the home of the TOMCAT, an extremely high-resolution X-ray that allowed us to look inside our leaves and twigs without disturbing their structure.
Scanning our samples took all night, but when we stumbled out of the building, we had images capturing every cell in exquisite detail.
The memory of water
We found that the new leaves of once-irrigated trees were different from both continually watered trees and never-watered control trees. Leaves carry out photosynthesis that fuels a tree’s survival and growth. Inside them, we could see the legacy of past water abundance, written in the size, shape and arrangement of cells.
Reading this cellular signature, we observed that, at the expense of structures promoting productivity, formerly irrigated trees showed every sign of chronic water stress – even more so than never-irrigated trees. In their anatomy, we saw why these trees that had it easy for 11 wet years were now growing slowly.
Every cell in a leaf comes with a trade-off. Trees must balance investments in rapid photosynthesis with others that promote leaf survival. Rather than building the cells used to harvest sunlight and ship sugar to the rest of the tree, leaves on the trees that had been irrigated showed every indication of drought stress we could think to measure.
After receiving extra water for an 11-year stretch and then losing it, the trees were producing new, tiny leaves that invested mostly in their own survival. The leaves were structured to protect themselves from insects and drought and to store water reserves. Compared with leaves on trees that had never known irrigation, these looked as though they were in the middle of the drought of the century.
While this memory of water might seem negative, it likely once helped trees “learn” from past conditions to survive in variable environments. The formerly irrigated trees did not know that humans had played a trick on them. Like trees experiencing climate change, they had no way of knowing that the water was not coming back.
When trees experience a drought event, recovery can mean reaching a “new normal” state, in which they are prepared to survive the next drought, with smaller, less vulnerable cells and increased energy reserves to ‘save up’ for future dry periods. They may have deeper roots or a smaller pool of leaves to support, helping them prepare for an unstable environment.
We wanted to know whether the same was true of trees that had experienced water abundance. Were they waiting in distress for the water to return?
Hard times may make tough trees
In some temperate forests, like the ones we studied in Switzerland, old trees once knew levels of water abundance that now are gone, thanks to climate change. That past abundance may have locked into place structural and epigenetic changes in the trees that are mismatched to today’s drier world. If this is true, then some of today’s devastating global tree mortality events may be, in part, due to the legacy effects of past water abundance.
In most of the world’s temperate forests, however, the current cohort of young forest trees – those sprouting in the past 15 to 20 years – has managed to establish itself under conditions that once would have been considered chronic drought. Those young trees, which have survived an endless dry period, will form the forests of the future.
In all, our observations in Pfynwald have provided us some room for hope that young trees currently taking their place in many forests worldwide may be better prepared to cope with the world as humans have shaped it. Climate shifts in recent decades have primed them for hard times, without the lingering memory of water.
Alana Chin, Assistant Professor of Plant Physiology, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Professor of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Group Leader, Forest Dynamics and Ecophysiology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Community
Celebrating National Nutrition Month: A Heartfelt Tribute to Nourishing Seniors
On March 19, 2025, Tanner Terrace residents celebrated National Nutrition Month with a community event led by Diana Gregory Outreach Services, focusing on healthy eating and nutrition education for seniors.
March 19, 2025, marked a significant day for the residents of Tanner Terrace in Glendale, Arizona, as they came together to celebrate National Nutrition Month. The event, held from 2 PM to 3:30 PM, aimed to emphasize the importance of healthy eating among seniors and featured a special focus on enhancing their nutritional knowledge.
The gathering was organized by Diana Gregory Outreach Services, a non-profit dedicated to enriching lives through healthy eating. Over the years, this organization has worked tirelessly to provide access to fresh produce and nutritional education for low-income seniors, veterans, and vulnerable individuals in the community.
A Flavorful Presentation
The afternoon began with a lively presentation titled Food, Fun, and Fitness, led by certified nutritionist Debbie Polisky. The interactive session engaged residents in discussions about the benefits of balanced nutrition and simple ways to incorporate healthy foods into their diets. Attendees were eager to learn and ask questions, creating a vibrant atmosphere filled with enthusiasm for healthier living.
As a delightful conclusion to the presentation, each of the 100 seniors in attendance received a pre-packed bag of fresh produce from Fry’s Food Stores, complete with recipes and nutritional information. Watching the smiles on the seniors’ faces as they received these gifts was a heartwarming reminder of the impact of community support.
Generous Support from Fry’s Food Stores
At the outset of the event, Diana Gregory was presented with a generous check from Fry’s Food Stores. This contribution is vital for supporting Diana Gregory Outreach Services and its initiatives. Gregory proudly stated, “We have been serving the town for 16 years, and last year alone, we served over 30,000 seniors and veterans. This kind of support is critical to continue our mission.”
Pam Giannonatti, the Corporate Affairs Manager for Fry’s, emphasized their commitment to fighting food insecurity. With initiatives like “Zero Hunger, Zero Waste,” Fry’s aims to provide fresh food not only in their stores but also to those in need within the community. “Last year alone, we were able to provide over 16 million meals to hungry Arizonans,” Girardi remarked, highlighting the company’s dedication to wholesome nutrition and community welfare.
The Mission of Diana Gregory Outreach Services
Diana Gregory Outreach Services has a clear and impactful mission: to enrich lives through healthy eating. By addressing health disparities and championing holistic nutrition and fitness, the organization ensures that vulnerable populations have access to the resources they need to thrive. Their commitment is straightforward but profound: “We have a responsibility to ensure no veteran, senior, and their families in our community go to bed hungry.”
The culmination of the event was not just about handing out fresh produce; it symbolized a community rallying together to support its most vulnerable members. Flyers were distributed to the residents of Tanner Terrace, spreading awareness about future initiatives and encouraging participation in further programs designed to enhance healthy living.
A Community Commitment
As I observed this event, it became clear that initiatives like these serve a dual purpose: they enrich the lives of seniors by providing them with crucial resources and foster a sense of community among participants. For many seniors, events like these also offer an opportunity to socialize and engage with their neighbors, enhancing their overall well-being.
As National Nutrition Month concludes, the event at Tanner Terrace stands as a shining example of how community partnerships—between organizations, businesses, and residents—can work in harmony to create a healthier future for all. By continuing to support initiatives that prioritize nutrition, we can make a lasting impact on our community’s health and wellness.
In the spirit of National Nutrition Month, let us carry forward the lessons learned and the connections made, ensuring that every member of our community has access to the nourishment they need to lead fulfilling lives.
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Bigger than life in more ways than one, George Foreman captivated the hearts and minds of sports fans across the globe and found an enduring place on the kitchen counters of countless American homes. A two-time heavyweight champion, entrepreneur, author, and minister, Foreman passed away on March 21, 2025, at the age of 76, as confirmed by his family and publicist.
George Foreman Legacy
With heavy hearts, Foreman’s family shared the news on Instagram: “Our hearts are broken. With profound sorrow, we announce the passing of our beloved George Edward Foreman Sr., who peacefully departed surrounded by loved ones. A devout preacher, a devoted husband, a loving father, and a proud grand and great-grandfather, he lived a life marked by unwavering faith, humility, and purpose.”
Affectionately known as “Big George,” Foreman was best recognized as a championship boxer. He brought home the heavyweight gold medal from the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, launching his professional career, which reached a pinnacle in 1973 when he defeated Joe Frazier in Jamaica to claim his first heavyweight championship. This fight, dominated by Foreman, is famously remembered for sportscaster Howard Cosell’s legendary call: “Down goes Frazier!”
In 1974, Foreman fought Muhammad Ali in what would become one of boxing’s most iconic matches, dubbed “The Rumble in the Jungle.” Although Foreman entered the ring as the heavy favorite, he suffered the first loss of his career, yielding his title to Ali via an eighth-round knockout. This legendary bout became one of the most-watched televised events in history, solidifying Ali’s moniker as “The Greatest.”
Following a victorious rematch against Frazier in 1976, Foreman faced challenges, retiring after another defeat to Jimmy Young. However, his story didn’t end there. After a decade away from the ring, Foreman made a surprising return in 1987 at the age of 38, stringing together 12 consecutive wins before falling to Evander Holyfield in 1991.
In a remarkable comeback, Foreman made history in 1994 when he, at 45 years old, defeated 26-year-old Michael Moorer to capture the WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, becoming the oldest person ever to win a world heavyweight championship. He relinquished the titles at 46 years and 169 days old, ultimately retiring for a second time in 1997 with an impressive career record of 76 wins and only 5 losses, 68 of which were knockouts. In 2003, Foreman was rightfully inducted into both the World Boxing Hall of Fame and the International Boxing Hall of Fame, earning his place among the 25 best boxers of all time.
Beyond the boxing ring, Foreman made a tremendous impact as an entrepreneur, particularly as the face of the George Foreman Grill. Launched in 1994, this innovative kitchen appliance became a global sensation, with over 100 million units sold within its first 25 years.
Foreman is survived by his wife, Mary Joan Martelly, and his 12 children—five sons and seven daughters—sharing that “Big George” famously named all his sons George Edward Foreman so “they would always have something in common.”
George Foreman leaves behind a lasting legacy that transcended sports, embodying resilience, faith, and entrepreneurial spirit. He will be fondly remembered, not just as a boxing champion but as a beloved figure in the hearts of many.
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News
The Unfolding Drama of Mattel Adventure Park: Opinions Before Opening
Mattel Adventure Park, set to open in late 2025 in Glendale, Arizona, faces delays provoking mixed reviews online. While some express disappointment over construction setbacks, others exhibit excitement toward its promise of unforgettable experiences for families.
As the vibrant desert sun beats down on Glendale, Arizona, local residents and prospective visitors are filled with a mix of excitement and impatience, waiting for the highly anticipated Mattel Adventure Park to finally open its doors. Slated for its debut at the end of 2025, this first-of-its-kind theme park has become the center of online chatter, with people leaving their opinions long before the first guests even step foot inside. While the allure of this park is undoubtedly enticing, the reviews—both positive and negative—are creating a curious spectacle worth exploring.
The Anticipation and Its Delays
Initially set to open in late 2023, Mattel Adventure Park has faced multiple delays that have pushed its launch date back not once, but twice. Set amid the ongoing construction of the VAI Resort, the theme park aims to bring fan-favorite properties to life, including Barbie, Thomas & Friends, Hot Wheels, and Masters of the Universe, over a sprawling 9-acre indoor-outdoor area. While the design promises to provide air-conditioned spaces for those scorching Arizona days, the project’s enticing features have not prevented some pre-opening frustrations from flooding the online review platforms.
The Curious Case of Early Reviews
Despite the park being an unfinished dream, it has already attracted a litany of Google Reviews, with an overall rating of 4.1 from a total of 62 responses. It’s fascinating to see how public sentiment manifests in such a unique manner—especially when some reviewers seem to have more to say about waiting than the park’s actual attractions.
Braylon and Peyton’s one-star review is a prime example of pre-opening disappointment: “We have been waiting literally years, more than two now,” they lament, expressing the anxiety of every parent waiting for those joyous days when their children can experience their favorite characters in person. This sort of heartfelt feedback encapsulates a universal feeling among families eager to create magical memories but grappling with the gnawing frustration of unforeseen delays.
Similarly, Loura Petsche bemoans the lack of updates, noting, “Looks exciting for two years now but disappointing no updates for months.” It seems her grandchildren, once bubbling with excitement for Thomas the Tank Engine, are growing up too quickly—perhaps even before the park can open its gates!
A Mix of Optimism and Enthusiasm
However, it’s not all doom and gloom in the realm of reviewers. There are some brightly shining voices offering a different perspective. Jack Tang is a beacon of enthusiasm, eager for the park to open, stating, “My family will be regulars… This will replace my son’s current favorite theme park, Legoland, in Carlsbad.” His excitement breathes life into the conversation, reminding everyone that the dream of Mattel Adventure Park is still alive and well.
Adding to the positivity, Jose Armijo’s five-star review is a light-hearted nudge to his fellow reviewers: “Do people not understand that a theme park can’t be built overnight?” His perspective brings humor and a touch of realism to the table, gently reminding us that anticipation can be paired with patience. The prospect of a uniquely themed park is worth holding out for!
And let’s not overlook Ashley Stevenson, who somehow describes a great experience at a place that hasn’t even opened yet: “This place is great… Bring your own food and snacks…” Now, we must give her imaginative praise for what must be an extraordinary act of visualizing the yet-to-be-seen park experience!
Conclusion: The Waiting Game
In a digital world where opinions can be easily aired, the phenomenon of pre-opening reviews shines a light on the interplay between anticipation and frustration. While some voices express impatience regarding the construction delays of Mattel Adventure Park, others remind us of the potential joy that lies ahead.
As the sun sets behind the construction site in Glendale, we find ourselves in this curious waiting game—one that weaves together laughter, dreams, and the hope that when the park finally opens, it will indeed create unforgettable memories for families. So, here’s to the future of Mattel Adventure Park! May it soon be a place where the sentiment of childhood is realized, and where all the opinions can finally morph into joyous laughter and exhilarating experiences instead.
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