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Trees ‘remember’ wetter times − never having known abundant rain could buffer today’s young forests against climate change
In a changing climate, trees exhibit “legacy effects” from past droughts or wet periods. Young trees, adapted to arid conditions, offer hope for future forest resilience amidst escalating climate challenges globally.
Alana Chin, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
What does the future hold for forests in a warmer, drier world? Over the past 25 years, trees have been dying due to effects of climate change around the world. In Africa, Asia, North America, South America and Europe, drought stress amplified by heat is killing trees that have survived for centuries.
Old trees may have grown through entire millennia that were wetter than the past 20 years. We are scientists who study forest dynamics, plant ecology and plant physiology. In a recent study, we found that trees can remember times when water was plentiful and that this memory continues to shape their growth for many years after wet phases end.
This research makes us optimistic that young trees of today, which have never known 20th-century rainfall, have not shaped their structure around water abundance and thus may be better equipped to survive in a chronically dry world.
What if we water the forest?
This study built on nearly 20 years of forest research in response to early warning signs of forest loss in the 1990s in the dry Rhône River Valley of the Swiss Alps. At that time, scientists observed that Scots pine trees that had stood for around 100 years were declining and dying. They wondered whether drought or other climate factors were driving this loss.
To tackle this question, researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research designed an ecological experiment. To understand the impacts of drought, they would irrigate a mature forest, doubling natural summertime rainfall, and then compare how these water-rich trees fared in comparison with those receiving only natural precipitation.
The Pfynwald experiment, launched in 2003, has shown that trees survived at higher rates in irrigated plots. After 17 years of irrigation, the team found that irrigation didn’t just help trees survive dry phases – it also increased their growth rates. https://www.youtube.com/embed/OA7A-xWhDeo?wmode=transparent&start=0 Tree physiologist Leonie Schönbeck conducts research at Pfynwald, a natural reserve in southern Switzerland, to learn how trees take up and store energy and use their reserves to recover from drought.
Legacy effects are forests’ memories
Trees experiencing drought alter their leaves, wood and roots in ways that prime them for continued dry conditions. Wood under drought might have smaller cells that are less vulnerable to future damage, and roots might increase relative to leaf area. These structural changes persist after the drought has passed and continue to influence the tree’s growth and ability to tolerate stress for many years.
Known as “legacy effects,” these lingering post-drought impacts represent an ecological memory of past climatic conditions at the tree and forest level. Knowing that trees hold a persistent memory of past dry phases, researchers wondered whether they might also show structural changes in response to past wet periods.
Eleven years after summertime irrigation started in Pfynwald, scientists stopped irrigating half of each plot in 2013 to address this question. The formerly irrigated trees, which at this point were about 120 years old, had experienced a lasting period of irrigation – but now those times of plenty were over.
Would the trees remember? A decade later, we found out.
Trees, trains and particle accelerators
On an early March morning in 2023, two of us (Alana Chin and Marcus Schaub) met at Pfynwald to collect very fresh leaf and twig samples so that we and colleagues could look inside to search for signs of lasting effects of past water richness.
At the site, we climbed canopy access towers to collect newly grown treetop leaves and twigs from control trees that had never been irrigated; trees that had been irrigated every summer since 2003; and formerly irrigated trees that had not received irrigation water since 2013.
We took our samples to the Swiss Light Source, an intensely powerful synchrotron – a type of particle accelerator that produces the world’s most intense beams of light. This facility is the home of the TOMCAT, an extremely high-resolution X-ray that allowed us to look inside our leaves and twigs without disturbing their structure.
Scanning our samples took all night, but when we stumbled out of the building, we had images capturing every cell in exquisite detail.
The memory of water
We found that the new leaves of once-irrigated trees were different from both continually watered trees and never-watered control trees. Leaves carry out photosynthesis that fuels a tree’s survival and growth. Inside them, we could see the legacy of past water abundance, written in the size, shape and arrangement of cells.
Reading this cellular signature, we observed that, at the expense of structures promoting productivity, formerly irrigated trees showed every sign of chronic water stress – even more so than never-irrigated trees. In their anatomy, we saw why these trees that had it easy for 11 wet years were now growing slowly.
Every cell in a leaf comes with a trade-off. Trees must balance investments in rapid photosynthesis with others that promote leaf survival. Rather than building the cells used to harvest sunlight and ship sugar to the rest of the tree, leaves on the trees that had been irrigated showed every indication of drought stress we could think to measure.
After receiving extra water for an 11-year stretch and then losing it, the trees were producing new, tiny leaves that invested mostly in their own survival. The leaves were structured to protect themselves from insects and drought and to store water reserves. Compared with leaves on trees that had never known irrigation, these looked as though they were in the middle of the drought of the century.
While this memory of water might seem negative, it likely once helped trees “learn” from past conditions to survive in variable environments. The formerly irrigated trees did not know that humans had played a trick on them. Like trees experiencing climate change, they had no way of knowing that the water was not coming back.
When trees experience a drought event, recovery can mean reaching a “new normal” state, in which they are prepared to survive the next drought, with smaller, less vulnerable cells and increased energy reserves to ‘save up’ for future dry periods. They may have deeper roots or a smaller pool of leaves to support, helping them prepare for an unstable environment.
We wanted to know whether the same was true of trees that had experienced water abundance. Were they waiting in distress for the water to return?
Hard times may make tough trees
In some temperate forests, like the ones we studied in Switzerland, old trees once knew levels of water abundance that now are gone, thanks to climate change. That past abundance may have locked into place structural and epigenetic changes in the trees that are mismatched to today’s drier world. If this is true, then some of today’s devastating global tree mortality events may be, in part, due to the legacy effects of past water abundance.
In most of the world’s temperate forests, however, the current cohort of young forest trees – those sprouting in the past 15 to 20 years – has managed to establish itself under conditions that once would have been considered chronic drought. Those young trees, which have survived an endless dry period, will form the forests of the future.
In all, our observations in Pfynwald have provided us some room for hope that young trees currently taking their place in many forests worldwide may be better prepared to cope with the world as humans have shaped it. Climate shifts in recent decades have primed them for hard times, without the lingering memory of water.
Alana Chin, Assistant Professor of Plant Physiology, Cal Poly Humboldt ; Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Professor of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, and Marcus Schaub, Group Leader, Forest Dynamics and Ecophysiology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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Valley Metro Seeks Artist for Commemorative Poster for South Central Extension/Downtown Hub Opening
PHOENIX — In an exciting initiative to celebrate the upcoming opening of the South Central Extension/Downtown Hub light rail project, Valley Metro is calling on local artists to showcase their creativity by designing a commemorative poster. This significant 5.5-mile extension will connect south Phoenix to the Valley’s ever-evolving light rail system, running from Central Avenue to Baseline Road, and is set to enhance public transportation accessibility for residents, expected to launch later this year.
The South Central Extension will add eight new stations and two park-and-ride facilities, making public transit a more viable option for thousands of commuters in metro Phoenix. Valley Metro hopes to highlight this development not only as a means of transportation but also as a bridge strengthening community ties. To achieve this vision, the public transportation authority is particularly interested in artwork that reflects the culture and heritage of south Central and downtown Phoenix.
Artists aged 18 and over can apply through the Articipant platform, a vibrant community dedicated to Arizona artists. It’s important to note that while artists can submit their applications on Articipant, they are not required to submit proposals at this stage. Interested artists have until 5 p.m. on January 24 to submit their applications, so time is of the essence!
The selected winning artwork is envisioned to encapsulate the spirit of the South Central Extension and its significance to the community it serves. Additionally, the project will feature public art installations throughout the new transit hub, further enriching the urban landscape of downtown Phoenix.
This is more than just a poster; it’s a chance for artists to contribute to a momentous occasion in Phoenix’s public transportation narrative. By centering local talent and community heritage, Valley Metro is creating a meaningful connection between art and accessibility—cementing the role of the light rail as a vital resource for the neighborhoods it serves.
Artists looking to apply must be at least 18 years old and a registered Articipant with Artlink Inc. Signing up to be an Articipant is free. With the support of Artlink Inc., artists should submit their applications through the Artlink website. Artists must submit their qualifications, not proposals. Applicants must also demonstrate a connection to the South Central and/or Downtown Phoenix communities. This call for artists closes at 11:59 p.m. on Wednesday, January 24, 2025.
For more information about this call for artists and the Valley Metro Artsline program visit valleymetro.org/artsline.
For more Valley Metro information, visit:
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Urbanism
A Blueprint for Better Bike Lanes: Revolutionizing Urban Mobility
The focus on urban bicycle infrastructure has grown, emphasizing community engagement and comprehensive design through resources like the updated Bike Lanes Design Guide, promoting safe, accessible streets for diverse cycling options across U.S. cities.
In recent years, the discussion surrounding urban infrastructure has shifted gears, with a notable focus on developing better bicycle lanes. According to Bloomberg, protected bike lanes have transitioned from a niche interest to a core component of urban design across numerous U.S. cities. At the forefront of this cycling renaissance is an updated traffic engineering guidebook from the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), inviting cities to think even bigger about bike infrastructure.
Listening to the Community: A Tailored Approach
One of the vital lessons drawn from the bike plan implemented in Oakland, California, highlights the importance of community involvement in creating effective bike infrastructure. Ryan Russo, head of the city’s transportation department, embarked on a journey in 2019 to develop a plan that not only connected the city’s bike enthusiasts but also engaged historically underserved neighborhoods. In areas like East Oakland, where many residents rely on cars or public transit, the vision of bike lanes was often marred by misconceptions: were they a sign of impending gentrification? Would they genuinely enhance residents’ ability to get around?
By actively listening to community concerns, Russo and his team recognized that merely installing bike lanes would not suffice. A holistic approach was essential—one that involved not only the addition of protected bike lanes on major roads but also improvements to road conditions, sidewalks, and overall accessibility to create a true network of safe streets. This meant incorporating elements such as speed bumps, roundabouts, and limited vehicle access zones, all aimed at fostering an environment where biking could thrive school-wide.
A Comprehensive Guide for Better Infrastructure
The newly released Urban Bikeway Design Guide stands as a testament to this comprehensive approach. Nearly double the length of its predecessor, the guide encapsulates a decade’s worth of innovation in bike infrastructure design. It introduces concepts like contra-flow bike lanes, protected intersections, and bus boarding islands—all designed to make cycling a viable transportation choice for people of all ages and abilities.
The guide serves as much more than a catalog of design options; it’s also a strategic framework that can help cities navigate the complexities of urban cycling infrastructure. By showing how bike lanes can enhance safety not just for cyclists but all street users, the guide positions bike infrastructure as a crucial element in mitigating traffic injuries and fatalities, aligning with broader public safety initiatives.
Building Public Trust and Support
Moreover, the guide provides essential political insights and outreach strategies to help advocates gain support for bike lanes from often skeptical communities. Rebranding initiatives, such as Oakland’s transition from “East Oakland Neighborhood Bike Routes” to “Calm East Oakland Streets,” signals a shift in priorities towards creating safe, slow-moving streets that cater to pedestrians and cyclists alike while also supporting local businesses.
Accommodating a New Era of Cycling
The guide also addresses the surge in diverse cycling options, including e-bikes, cargo bikes, and scooters. As cycling evolves, so too must our infrastructure. Wider lanes and street treatments tailored for these vehicles can help manage the interactions between different cyclist types and reduce friction among users, thus promoting a more inclusive cycling culture.
A Vision for the Future
Cities across the United States are already witnessing the fruits of these renewed efforts. From New York City adding over 600 miles of cycling infrastructure to breakthroughs in seemingly bike-unfriendly locales, the movement for safer, comprehensive biking networks is gathering momentum. As advocates like Janette Sadik-Khan emphasize, this is a unique opportunity for cities to redefine street design and take significant steps towards solving pressing issues like climate change and urban affordability.
Ultimately, the updated Urban Bikeway Design Guide does more than just provide a mechanical blueprint; it outlines a vision for the future of urban mobility—one that accommodates bikes and other forms of transit in a safe, integrated manner. By embracing these ideas, cities can create not just bike lanes, but beautiful, livable streets that foster community engagement, encourage sustainable transportation, and promote a healthier and happier populace.
In a world increasingly characterized by urban sprawl and traffic congestion, it’s time to embrace cycling as a fundamental piece of the transportation puzzle—one that connects communities and creates vibrant urban landscapes. Happy riding!
The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose by highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
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Kohl’s Announces Closure of 27 Underperforming Stores by April 2025: What This Means for the Retail Giant
In a significant move to bolster its long-term viability, Kohl’s has announced the closure of 27 underperforming stores across the United States by April 2025. This decision comes at a time when the retail landscape is continuously evolving, and industry giants like Sears and JCPenney are stark reminders of what can happen when businesses fail to adapt.
Why the Closures Matter
As department store chains face increasing pressure from online retailers and changing consumer habits, maintaining a lean and efficient operation is crucial. Tom Kingsbury, Kohl’s outgoing CEO, emphasized the importance of making difficult choices to ensure the health and future of the business. By selectively closing stores, Kohl’s aims to avoid the pitfalls that have befallen some of its rivals in recent years.
The closures represent less than 3% of Kohl’s approximately 1,150 locations, which shows that while the company is taking action, it’s also confident in the strength of its remaining stores. Kingsbury, who is set to step down on January 15th, will be handing over the reins to Ashley Buchanan, the current CEO of Michaels, signaling a potential shift in strategy as Kohl’s forges ahead.
The List of Closures
The upcoming store closures span multiple states, with several locations concentrated in California and Illinois. Below is a detailed rundown of the locations set to close:
- Alabama: Spanish Fort – 21000 Town Center Ave.
- Arkansas: Little Rock West – 13909 Chenal Parkway
- California: Multiple locations, including San Diego, Mountain View, and Pleasanton among others.
- Colorado: Arapahoe Crossing (Aurora) – 6584 S Parker Road
- Georgia: Duluth – 2050 W Liddell Road
- Idaho: Boise – 400 N Milwaukee St.
- Illinois: Plainfield and West Dundee (Spring Hill).
- Massachusetts: Stoughton – 501 Technology Center Drive
- New Jersey: East Windsor – 72 Princeton Hightstown Road
- Ohio: Blue Ash and Cincinnati (Forest Park).
- Oregon: Portland Gateway – 10010 NE Halsey St.
- Pennsylvania: Pottstown – 351 W Schuylkill Road
- Texas: North Dallas – 18224 Preston Road
- Utah: Riverton – 13319 S 3600 W
- Virginia: Herndon and Williamsburg.
These closures reflect ongoing efforts to optimize Kohl’s portfolio, ensuring that its resources are concentrated in locations with the highest potential for growth.
The Bigger Picture
While the closures are indeed a challenge, they also present an opportunity for reinvention. As Kohl’s looks to sharpen its focus and adapt to changing consumer preferences, the company may shift resources toward strengthening its e-commerce platform, enhancing customer experience, and introducing more innovative store formats.
Kohl’s has already shown a willingness to experiment with partnerships and unique retail concepts, such as collaborations with major brands and shifts towards becoming a more experience-driven shopping environment. These closures may enable the chain to move forward with a more agile and responsive strategy.
Looking Ahead
As Kohl’s navigates this transitional period and under incoming leadership, all eyes will be on how it capitalizes on its strengths while learning from the complexities of the retail industry. The decisions made now could shape the future of the brand and its ability to thrive in a competitive marketplace.
Ultimately, consumers can expect to see a more streamlined and efficient Kohl’s that is better equipped to meet the demands of the modern shopper. As the company moves through these changes, one thing is certain: it’s committed to evolving while keeping its loyal customers at the heart of its strategy.
Related links about Kohl’s and store closings
https://www.axios.com/2025/01/09/kohls-closing-stores-list-april-2025
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s
Welcome to the Consumer Corner section of STM Daily News, your ultimate destination for savvy shopping and informed decision-making! Dive into a treasure trove of insights and reviews covering everything from the hottest toys that spark joy in your little ones to the latest electronic gadgets that simplify your life. Explore our comprehensive guides on stylish home furnishings, discover smart tips for buying a home or enhancing your living space with creative improvement ideas, and get the lowdown on the best cars through our detailed auto reviews. Whether you’re making a major purchase or simply seeking inspiration, the Consumer Corner is here to empower you every step of the way—unlock the keys to becoming a smarter consumer today!
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