astronomy
Newly discovered comet to flyby Earth
Astronomers have recently spotted a newly-referenced comet C/2023 A3 that is heading towards the Earth. C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) is a comet from the Oort cloud discovered by ATLAS South Africa on 22 February 2023 and independently found in images by the Purple Mountain Observatory taken on 9 January 2023.
The comet has a retrograde orbit, lying at an inclination of 139°. The comet has its perihelion at a distance of 0.391 AU, a point where it comes nearest to the Sun in its orbital path. Its closest approach to Earth will be around 12 October 2024, at a distance of 0.47 AU. Remarkably, the comet doesn’t approach close to the giant planets of the solar system, meaning its path is relatively unaffected by their significant gravitational forces.
Its orbit is weakly hyperbolic before entering the planetary region of the Solar System, indicating that it originally comes from a distant or even interstellar region beyond Neptune. However, due to planetary perturbations—small deviations in its path caused by the gravitational influence of other celestial bodies—the outbound orbit will have a greater eccentricity than the inbound orbit. This change in its orbital shape means that after its closest approach to the Sun and Earth, it will move away on a more elongated path than when it arrived.
Comet C/2023 A3
The discovery of C/2023 A3 offers significant opportunities for astronomers to study the characteristics of comets originating from the Oort cloud, understanding both their physical properties and the dynamics of their orbits. Observing such comets can also provide valuable insights into the early solar system, as many of these bodies have remained relatively unchanged since their formation. As the comet approaches, scientists will likely utilize a range of observational tools to analyze its composition, measure its tail and coma, and monitor its interactions with solar winds and radiation.
In conclusion, the journey of comet C/2023 A3 through our solar system promises to be a valuable event for the scientific community, enhancing our comprehension of cometary behavior and the intricate gravitational dance within our celestial neighborhood.
According to the latest observations, C/2023 A3 has an estimated diameter of 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) and is currently traveling at a speed of about 20 kilometers per second (12.4 miles per second). When it makes its closest approach to the Earth, C/2023 A3 will be about 0.47 AU away from our planet and will be brighter than the “green comet” from earlier this year. That translates to an opportunity for amateur astronomers to easily spot the comet in the sky.
While C/2023 A3 is not expected to pose a direct threat to the Earth, it is still an important object of study for astronomers. Comets are remnants of the early solar system, and they contain valuable information about the conditions and processes that occurred during its formation.
One of the main goals of studying comets is to understand the origin of water and other volatile compounds on Earth. It is believed that these substances were brought to our planet by comets and asteroids that collided with it billions of years ago. This process allowed essential ingredients for life to be deposited on our planet, playing a crucial role in the development of our biosphere. Modern-day studies involving space missions and advanced telescopes are crucial in testing these theories by analyzing the chemical signatures and isotopic compositions found in comets.
In addition to studying the composition of comets, astronomers also use them as probes to explore the outer reaches of the solar system. By analyzing the trajectory and behavior of comets, they can gain insights into the dynamics and structure of the solar system as a whole. For instance, long-period comets can provide clues about the distant regions of the solar system, such as the Oort Cloud, which is believed to be a vast reservoir of icy bodies. The gravitational interactions of these comets with giant planets like Jupiter also reveal intricate details about planetary formation and migration.
Moreover, comets like C/2023 A3 are invaluable for comparative planetology – the study of planetary systems as a whole. By understanding the similarities and differences between comets and other small bodies like asteroids, scientists can better explain the history and evolution of our solar system. These differences might include variations in composition, rotational speeds, and orbital paths, each piece contributing to the broader puzzle of our cosmic neighborhood.
C/2023 A3 is just one of many comets that have been discovered in recent years, but its study highlights the importance of continued efforts to monitor and study these celestial objects. Advanced surveillance and tracking systems are constantly improving our ability to predict the paths of near-Earth objects and to discern potential risks. The data collected from these observations not only helps to protect our planet from potential impacts but also enhances our theoretical models of solar system evolution.
As our knowledge of comets grows, so too does our understanding of the early solar system and the conditions that led to the emergence of life on Earth. Each comet studied brings new information that can corroborate or challenge existing scientific theories. Collaborative efforts between international space agencies, research institutions, and amateur astronomers are essential. With new missions on the horizon, such as those aiming to return comet samples to Earth, the next decade promises to be an exciting time for cometary science.
In conclusion, the discovery of C/2023 A3 is an exciting development for astronomers, and it provides an exceptional opportunity to learn more about the composition and behavior of comets. While it is not expected to pose a direct threat to the Earth, it serves as a reminder of the importance of monitoring and studying near-Earth objects to ensure the safety of our planet. Continuing to unravel the mysteries of these ancient cosmic travelers will deepen our comprehension of our place in the universe and the myriad processes that have shaped our solar system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)
https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
Sources: Wikipedia, Earth-Sky
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Space and Tech
NEOWISE, the NASA mission that cataloged objects around Earth for over a decade, has come to an end
Toshi Hirabayashi, Georgia Institute of Technology and Yaeji Kim, University of Maryland
The NASA project NEOWISE, which has given astronomers a detailed view of near-Earth objects – some of which could strike the Earth – ended its mission and burned on reentering the atmosphere after over a decade.
On a clear night, the sky is full of bright objects – from stars, large planets and galaxies to tiny asteroids flying near Earth. These asteroids are commonly known as near-Earth objects, and they come in a wide variety of sizes. Some are tens of kilometers across or larger, while others are only tens of meters or smaller.
On occasion, near-Earth objects smash into Earth at a high speed – roughly 10 miles per second (16 kilometers per second) or faster. That’s about 15 times as fast as a rifle’s muzzle speed. An impact at that speed can easily damage the planet’s surface and anything on it.
Impacts from large near-Earth objects are generally rare over a typical human lifetime. But they’re more frequent on a geological timescale of millions to billions of years. The best example may be a 6-mile-wide (10-kilometer-wide) asteroid that crashed into Earth, killed the dinosaurs and created Chicxulub crater about 65 million years ago.
Smaller impacts are very common on Earth, as there are more small near-Earth objects. An international community effort called planetary defense protects humans from these space intruders by cataloging and monitoring as many near-Earth objects as possible, including those closely approaching Earth. Researchers call the near-Earth objects that could collide with the surface potentially hazardous objects.
NASA began its NEOWISE mission in December 2013. This mission’s primary focus was to use the space telescope from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer to closely detect and characterize near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets.
NEOWISE contributed to planetary defense efforts with its research to catalog near-Earth objects. Over the past decade, it helped planetary defenders like us and our colleagues study near-Earth objects.
Detecting near-Earth objects
NEOWISE was a game-changing mission, as it revolutionized how to survey near-Earth objects.
The NEOWISE mission continued to use the spacecraft from NASA’s WISE mission, which ran from late 2009 to 2011 and conducted an all-sky infrared survey to detect not only near-Earth objects but also distant objects such as galaxies.
The spacecraft orbited Earth from north to south, passing over the poles, and it was in a Sun-synchronous orbit, where it could see the Sun in the same direction over time. This position allowed it to scan all of the sky efficiently.
The spacecraft could survey astronomical and planetary objects by detecting the signatures they emitted in the mid-infrared range.
Humans’ eyes can sense visible light, which is electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 700 nanometers. When we look at stars in the sky with the naked eye, we see their visible light components.
However, mid-infrared light contains waves between 3 and 30 micrometers and is invisible to human eyes.
When heated, an object stores that heat as thermal energy. Unless the object is thermally insulated, it releases that energy continuously as electromagnetic energy, in the mid-infrared range.
This process, known as thermal emission, happens to near-Earth objects after the Sun heats them up. The smaller an asteroid, the fainter its thermal emission. The NEOWISE spacecraft could sense thermal emissions from near-Earth objects at a high level of sensitivity – meaning it could detect small asteroids.
But asteroids aren’t the only objects that emit heat. The spacecraft’s sensors could pick up heat emissions from other sources too – including the spacecraft itself.
To make sure heat from the spacecraft wasn’t hindering the search, the WISE/NEOWISE spacecraft was designed so that it could actively cool itself using then-state-of-the-art solid hydrogen cryogenic cooling systems.
Operation phases
Since the spacecraft’s equipment needed to be very sensitive to detect faraway objects for WISE, it used solid hydrogen, which is extremely cold, to cool itself down and avoid any noise that could mess with the instruments’ sensitivity. Eventually the coolant ran out, but not until WISE had successfully completed its science goals.
During the cryogenic phase when it was actively cooling itself, the spacecraft operated at a temperature of about -447 degrees Fahrenheit (-266 degrees Celsius), slightly higher than the universe’s temperature, which is about -454 degrees Fahrenheit (-270 degrees Celsius).
The cryogenic phase lasted from 2009 to 2011, until the spacecraft went into hibernation in 2011.
Following the hibernation period, NASA decided to reactivate the WISE spacecraft under the NEOWISE mission, with a more specialized focus on detecting near-Earth objects, which was still feasible even without the cryogenic cooling.
During this reactivation phase, the detectors didn’t need to be quite as sensitive, nor the spacecraft kept as cold as it was during the cryogenic cooling phase, since near-Earth objects are closer than WISE’s faraway targets.
The consequence of losing the active cooling was that two long-wave detectors out of the four on board became so hot that they could no longer function, limiting the craft’s capability.
Nevertheless, NEOWISE used its two operational detectors to continuously monitor both previously and newly detected near-Earth objects in detail.
NEOWISE’s legacy
As of February 2024, NEOWISE had taken more than 1.5 million infrared measurements of about 44,000 different objects in the solar system. These included about 1,600 discoveries of near-Earth objects. NEOWISE also provided detailed size estimates for more than 1,800 near-Earth objects.
Despite the mission’s contributions to science and planetary defense, it was decommissioned in August 2024. The spacecraft eventually started to fall toward Earth’s surface, until it reentered Earth’s atmosphere and burned up on Nov. 1, 2024.
NEOWISE’s contributions to hunting near-Earth objects gave scientists much deeper insights into the asteroids around Earth. It also gave scientists a better idea of what challenges they’ll need to overcome to detect faint objects.
So, did NEOWISE find all the near-Earth objects? The answer is no. Most scientists still believe that there are far more near-Earth objects out there that still need to be identified, particularly smaller ones.
To carry on NEOWISE’s legacy, NASA is planning a mission called NEO Surveyor. NEO Surveyor will be a next-generation space telescope that can study small near-Earth asteroids in more detail, mainly to contribute to NASA’s planetary defense efforts. It will identify hundreds of thousands of near-Earth objects that are as small as about 33 feet (10 meters) across. The spacecraft’s launch is scheduled for 2027.
Toshi Hirabayashi, Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Yaeji Kim, Postdoctoral Associate in Astronomy, University of Maryland
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to illuminate the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the vastness of the universe, an intriguing event is set to unfold: a football field-sized asteroid is making its way past Earth tomorrow. Named 2006 WB, this celestial traveler is estimated by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to be about 310 feet across, although its size could range anywhere from 240 to 525 feet. For perspective, a football field measures approximately 360 feet in width, making this asteroid a formidable presence as it skims by our planet.
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Approaching Asteroid
At a distance of 554,000 miles—roughly twice the distance to the Moon—2006 WB will pass by us at a speed of about 4.2 km/s, or approximately 9,400 mph. This velocity is several times faster than a bullet fired from a rifle, which can travel up to around 2,700 mph. While 554,000 miles may sound distant, it is remarkably close on a solar system scale, especially when compared to our neighboring planet Venus, which can be about 24 million miles away at its closest approach.
In addition to 2006 WB, there are four other asteroids making their own close passes in the coming days. Today, two bus-sized asteroids, 2024 WF2 and 2024 WJ3, will soar past Earth at distances of 1,780,000 miles and 2,780,000 miles, respectively. Following them, the plane-sized 2009 WB105 will come within 3,600,000 miles, and on Tuesday, another bus-sized asteroid, 2024 WD3, will pass at around 1,080,000 miles.
Jay Tate, director of the United Kingdom’s Spaceguard Centre observatory, highlights that asteroids are frequently zipping past Earth, often without much public awareness. 2006 WB falls into the category of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), defined as objects that come within 30 million miles of our planet. NEOs are monitored closely, with over 34,000 identified in our solar system, and the JPL’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) actively tracking at least 2,300 potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).
While the odds of a large asteroid impacting Earth are exceedingly low, the consequences of such an event could be catastrophic. Svetla Ben-Itzhak, an assistant professor of space and international relations at Johns Hopkins University, warns that a cosmic body of 460 feet in diameter could obliterate an entire city and wreak regional havoc. In contrast, larger objects exceeding 1 kilometer in diameter could have far-reaching global implications, potentially leading to mass extinction.
Fortunately, the asteroids currently making their approach, including 2006 WB, do not fall within the category of potentially hazardous objects due to their size and the distances they will maintain from our planet. As we continue to advance our understanding of these celestial bodies, the importance of tracking and monitoring NEOs remains paramount for the safety of humanity.
As we prepare for the close encounter with 2006 WB, let us appreciate the wonders of our universe and the ongoing efforts of scientists and astronomers dedicated to keeping watch over our cosmic neighborhood. Stay tuned for more updates as we witness the majestic dance of these asteroids in the sky above.
Related link:
https://www.newsweek.com/asteroid-near-earth-object-approaching-football-field-space-nasa-1990996
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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In a remarkable demonstration of both the unpredictability of space and the extraordinary capabilities of modern astronomical detection, a small asteroid, designated 2024 UQ, recently made headlines after it struck Earth just hours after being identified. This event, which took place on October 22, 2024, marks the third “imminent impactor” recorded this year, highlighting the continual and often daunting reality of near-Earth objects (NEOs).
Discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Hawaii, a network of four telescopes dedicated to scanning the night sky for potential collision threats, 2024 UQ was small—measuring only about 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter. While news of an asteroid making contact with Earth can evoke concern, there was no cause for alarm in this instance. The diminutive size of the asteroid meant that it posed very little threat to anything on the ground. In fact, it burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean near California, leaving no trace or damage.
However, the swift timeline of events raises critical questions about the effectiveness of our current monitoring systems. The impact occurred just two hours after the initial detection, which meant that by the time data was transmitted to the impact monitoring systems operated by the European Space Agency’s Near-Earth Object Coordination Center, the impact had already taken place. According to their November 2024 newsletter, the ATLAS survey had successfully obtained images identifying the asteroid on a collision trajectory, but due to its position near the edge of two adjacent observational fields, it was not recognized as a significant threat until it was too late.
This incident serves as a reminder of the complexities involved in tracking and predicting the paths of NEOs. While advancements in technology have undoubtedly improved our ability to detect these celestial objects, the circumstances surrounding 2024 UQ showcase the potential for oversights in our monitoring capabilities. Despite this event being minor in scale, it emphasizes the importance of continued investment in space surveillance systems, as well as international collaboration in tracking potential hazards lurking in the vast expanse of space.
As we look forward, this close encounter reaffirms the need for vigilance in our exploration and observation of the cosmos. Each NEO presents an opportunity for learning and growth in our understanding of near-Earth dynamics. While 2024 UQ may have come and gone without incident, it certainly sparks curiosity about what lies ahead in our ongoing quest to safeguard our planet from the skies.
Reference Links:
Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS): https://fallingstar.com/
The Danger from Asteroid Impact: https://fallingstar.com/danger.php
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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