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Sunflowers make small moves to maximize their Sun exposure – physicists can model them to predict how they grow
Charles Darwin’s detailed observations of plant movements, such as sunflower circumnutation and self-organization, reveal how randomness helps plants optimize growth and adapt to their environments. Sunflowers!
Chantal Nguyen, University of Colorado Boulder
Most of us aren’t spending our days watching our houseplants grow. We see their signs of life only occasionally – a new leaf unfurled, a stem leaning toward the window.
But in the summer of 1863, Charles Darwin lay ill in bed, with nothing to do but watch his plants so closely that he could detect their small movements to and fro. The tendrils from his cucumber plants swept in circles until they encountered a stick, which they proceeded to twine around.
“I am getting very much amused by my tendrils,” he wrote.
This amusement blossomed into a decadeslong fascination with the little-noticed world of plant movements. He compiled his detailed observations and experiments in a 1880 book called “The Power of Movement in Plants.”
In one study, he traced the motion of a carnation leaf every few hours over the course of three days, revealing an irregular looping, jagged path. The swoops of cucumber tendrils and the zags of carnation leaves are examples of inherent, ubiquitous plant movements called circumnutations – from the Latin circum, meaning circle, and nutare, meaning to nod.
Circumnutations vary in size, regularity and timescale across plant species. But their exact function remains unclear.
I’m a physicist interested in understanding collective behavior in living systems. Like Darwin, I’m captivated by circumnutations, since they may underlie more complex phenomena in groups of plants.
Sunflower patterns
A 2017 study revealed a fascinating observation that got my colleagues and me wondering about the role circumnutations could play in plant growth patterns. In this study, researchers found that sunflowers grown in a dense row naturally formed a near-perfect zigzag pattern, with each plant leaning away from the row in alternating directions.
This pattern allowed the plants to avoid shade from their neighbors and maximize their exposure to sunlight. These sunflowers flourished.
Researchers then planted some plants at the same density but constrained them so that they could grow only upright without leaning. These constrained plants produced less oil than the plants that could lean and get the maximum amount of sun.
While farmers can’t grow their sunflowers quite this close together due to the potential for disease spread, in the future they may be able to use these patterns to come up with new planting strategies.
Self-organization and randomness
This spontaneous pattern formation is a neat example of self-organization in nature. Self-organization refers to when initially disordered systems, such as a jungle of plants or a swarm of bees, achieve order without anything controlling them. Order emerges from the interactions between individual members of the system and their interactions with the environment.
Somewhat counterintuitively, noise – also called randomness – facilitates self-organization. Consider a colony of ants.
Ants secrete pheromones behind them as they crawl toward a food source. Other ants find this food source by following the pheromone trails, and they further reinforce the trail they took by secreting their own pheromones in turn. Over time, the ants converge on the best path to the food, and a single trail prevails.
But if a shorter path were to become possible, the ants would not necessarily find this path just by following the existing trail.
If a few ants were to randomly deviate from the trail, though, they might stumble onto the shorter path and create a new trail. So this randomness injects a spontaneous change into the ants’ system that allows them to explore alternative scenarios.
Eventually, more ants would follow the new trail, and soon the shorter path would prevail. This randomness helps the ants adapt to changes in the environment, as a few ants spontaneously seek out more direct ways to their food source.
In biology, self-organized systems can be found at a range of scales, from the patterns of proteins inside cells to the socially complex colonies of honeybees that collectively build nests and forage for nectar.
Randomness in sunflower self-organization
So, could random, irregular circumnutations underpin the sunflowers’ self-organization?
My colleagues and I set out to explore this question by following the growth of young sunflowers we planted in the lab. Using cameras that imaged the plants every five minutes, we tracked the movement of the plants to see their circumnutatory paths.
We saw some loops and spirals, and lots of jagged movements. These ultimately appeared largely random, much like Darwin’s carnation. But when we placed the plants together in rows, they began to move away from one another, forming the same zigzag configurations that we’d seen in the previous study.
We analyzed the plants’ circumnutations and found that at any given time, the direction of the plant’s motion appeared completely independent of how it was moving about half an hour earlier. If you measured a plant’s motion once every 30 minutes, it would appear to be moving in a completely random way.
We also measured how much the plant’s leaves grew over the course of two weeks. By putting all of these results together, we sketched a picture of how a plant moved and grew on its own. This information allowed us to computationally model a sunflower and simulate how it behaves over the course of its growth.
A sunflower model
We modeled each plant simply as a circular crown on a stem, with the crown expanding according to the growth rate we measured experimentally. The simulated plant moved in a completely random way, taking a “step” every half hour.
We created the model sunflowers with circumnutations of lower or higher intensity by tweaking the step sizes. At one end of the spectrum, sunflowers were much more likely to take tiny steps than big ones, leading to slow, minimal movement on average. At the other end were sunflowers that are equally as likely to take large steps as small steps, resulting in highly irregular movement. The real sunflowers we observed in our experiment were somewhere in the middle.
Plants require light to grow and have evolved the ability to detect shade and alter the direction of their growth in response.
We wanted our model sunflowers to do the same thing. So, we made it so that two plants that get too close to each other’s shade begin to lean away in opposite directions.
Finally, we wanted to see whether we could replicate the zigzag pattern we’d observed with the real sunflowers in our model.
First, we set the model sunflowers to make small circumnutations. Their shade avoidance responses pushed them away from each other, but that wasn’t enough to produce the zigzag – the model plants stayed stuck in a line. In physics, we would call this a “frustrated” system.
Then, we set the plants to make large circumnutations. The plants started moving in random patterns that often brought the plants closer together rather than farther apart. Again, no zigzag pattern like we’d seen in the field.
But when we set the model plants to make moderately large movements, similar to our experimental measurements, the plants could self-organize into a zigzag pattern that gave each sunflower optimal exposure to light.
So, we showed that these random, irregular movements helped the plants explore their surroundings to find desirable arrangements that benefited their growth.
Plants are much more dynamic than people give them credit for. By taking the time to follow them, scientists and farmers can unlock their secrets and use plants’ movement to their advantage.
Chantal Nguyen, Postdoctoral Associate at the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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If you’ve ever been curious about what happens when teenage angst meets architectural ingenuity, look no further than the 1974 made-for-TV gem, Bad Ronald. Or as I like to call it, Weirdo in the Wall. This film is a delightful concoction of horror, comedy, and a generous sprinkle of nostalgia that will leave you wondering how we survived the ’70s without a full-time psychologist on speed dial.
Plot Summary: The Rise and Fall of Ronald Willoughby
Meet Ronald Willoughby (Scott Jacoby), your average socially awkward teen who just wants to fit in. Spoiler alert: he doesn’t. After a disastrous attempt to woo the girl next door (who, let’s be honest, could have used a lesson in kindness), Ronald accidentally becomes a headline in a tragic newspaper article when he gets into a scuffle with a pint-sized brat on a bicycle. In a moment of Hulk-like rage, he inadvertently causes the child’s untimely demise. Oops.
Now, instead of grounding him for life, his doting mother (Kim Hunter ) decides to take drastic measures. She removes the door to their second bathroom (because who needs two bathrooms, right?) and seals it up behind wallpaper, turning it into Ronald’s very own secret lair. The kid’s got a toolkit and a flair for construction, so he transforms this “bathroom” into a full-fledged hideout. Who knew the walls of suburban homes could house such dark creativity?
Location, Location, Location!
Shot in a charming Victorian house that screams “I have secrets,” Bad Ronald takes full advantage of its single-location setup. You’ve got your classic early 1900’s architecture, a basement that’s straight out of a horror flick, and a backyard pool party scene that serves as a stark contrast to the psychological turmoil bubbling beneath the surface. The film’s backdrop is almost a character in itself, and you can’t help but wonder if they filmed this in a neighbor’s yard. (Hey, if you’re going to terrorize kids, at least do it with style!)
A Time Capsule of 1974
This film is a delightful snapshot of the early ’70s, a time when Ronald Reagan was running the show in California (yes, I’m pretty sure he was the governor back then) and the world was still reeling from the shenanigans of Richard Nixon. It’s fascinating to see how societal norms and family dynamics from that era play out in this bizarre narrative. You can almost hear the distant echoes of bell-bottoms and disco balls as Ronald navigates his tragic teenage years.
Creepy Comedy Gold
Let’s not forget the humor! The film manages to blend horror and unintentional comedy in a way that makes you chuckle even while you cringe. The awkwardness of Ronald’s interactions, the cluelessness of adults around him, and the sheer absurdity of his situation lend a comedic touch that keeps you entertained. It’s like a tragic comedy where the punchline is hidden behind layers of wallpaper and misplaced parental guidance.
Final Thoughts
Bad Ronald may not have won any Oscars, but it certainly holds a special place in the hearts of those who appreciate a good dose of vintage horror with a side of unintentional comedy. It’s a film that reminds us of the weirdness of adolescence and the lengths we go to escape our problems—like hiding in the walls of your house. So, the next time you’re feeling nostalgic for the days of yore, give this little gem a watch. Just remember, if you hear noises coming from the walls, it might be time to call a contractor… or a therapist.
In the end, Bad Ronald serves as a quirky reminder that sometimes, the most bizarre tales come from the most ordinary of places. And who knows? You might just find yourself rooting for the “bad” kid who’s really just misunderstood. 50 years later, this film still knows how to leave you both amused and slightly horrified—just like any good horror story should!
Check out the movie details on IMDb: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071186/
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In the bustling world of professional pickleball, the spotlight often shines on major organizations like the Professional Pickleball Association (PPA), Major League Pickleball (MLP), and the Association of Pickleball Professionals (APP). While these entities focus largely on showcasing young, vibrant talent, there’s a wealth of wisdom to be drawn from the more understated realms of the National Pickleball League (NPL) and the Senior Pro Tour, where seasoned athletes continue to impress.
Longevity in the Sport
Senior pro players offer invaluable insights into maintaining a lasting athletic career. Their expertise in injury prevention, recovery, and adaptive play provide a blueprint for career longevity that younger pros can emulate.
- Training and Conditioning: Senior pros have honed methods to maintain agility and endurance, lessons that can enhance training regimes for younger athletes.
- Injury Management: With a focus on alternative fitness and healing practices like yoga and nutrition, senior players offer models for managing stress injuries effectively.
Focus on Community and Inclusivity
The NPL and Senior Pro Tour are bastions of community spirit and inclusivity, setting a standard that mainstream organizations could embrace.
- Amateur Involvement: By integrating a strong sense of community involvement into competitions, they make the sport accessible to various age groups and skill levels, enhancing the spirit of events hosted by PPA and APP.
- Multigenerational Appeal: Highlighting pickleball’s charm across demographics, senior tours set a precedent for inclusive and family-friendly events.
Mentorship and Knowledge Transfer
Senior pros excel in mentorship, sharing not just technical skills but also mental fortitude.
- Formal Mentorship Programs: Establishing mentoring relationships can foster well-rounded players through strategic advice and supportive, intergenerational learning.
- Player Development: Insights into resilience and adaptability from seniors can aid younger pros in navigating high-pressure scenarios.
Marketing and Brand Longevity
By focusing on forming enduring relationships with brands and sponsors, senior tours illustrate a path for sustainable partnerships.
- Broadening Sponsorship Opportunities: Targeting brands that appeal across generations opens new revenue channels, with wellness-focused brands being a natural fit.
- Sustained Engagement: Marketing pickleball as a lifelong sport invites a wider audience and participant base.
Balanced Scheduling and Player Well-being
The senior circuits often factor player wellness into event scheduling, a practice that pro tours could emulate to avoid player burnout.
- Player-Centric Schedules: Adopting flexible schedules could enhance performance levels by ensuring athletes receive adequate rest.
- Rest and Recovery Focus: Encouraging recovery periods and prioritizing mental health support helps maintain peak conditions for competition.
By drawing lessons from senior pro players and their organizations, professional pickleball can cultivate a more enduring, inclusive, and community-focused environment while ensuring the long-term success of its athletes.
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Canada’s first-ever Action Plan on Combatting Hate brings together key federal initiatives to combat hate across the country
OTTAWA, ON /CNW/ – Canada, like elsewhere around the world, has seen a rise in hate both on the streets and online in recent years. The federal government is committed to doing whatever it takes to protect everyone living in Canada as well as the resilient and diverse communities across the country to ensure that all can thrive while being their authentic self.
The rise in hate incidents has disproportionately affected Indigenous Peoples; Black, racialized, religious minorities, and 2SLGBTQI+ communities; women; and persons with disabilities. Hate not only harms those directly targeted but also impacts the broader Canadian society, undermining social cohesion and posing a threat to national security.
That’s why today, the Honourable Kamal Khera, Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities, unveiled Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate. The Action Plan represents Canada’s first-ever comprehensive cross-government effort to combat hate. It brings together 20 key federal initiatives grounded on three pillars:
- Empower communities to identify and prevent hate;
- Support victims and survivors, and protect communities; and
- Build community trust, partnerships and institutional readiness.
The Action Plan invests $273.6 million over six years, and $29.3 million ongoing, to tackle hatred from multiple angles. It includes increasing support to victims and survivors, helping communities prevent, address and protect people from hate; enhancing research and data collection; providing greater resources for law enforcement; and raising public awareness.
Everyone has a right to be safe and treated with dignity. We will collaborate with provincial, territorial and international governments, as well as First Nations, Inuit and Métis partners, and cities and communities across Canada to make this happen. Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate will help us continue building a safer and more inclusive Canada where everyone can succeed, regardless of who they are, who they love or what they believe in.
Quotes
“Everyone has the right to feel safe, regardless of who they are, what they look like or what they believe in. We have all been alarmed to witness the tragic consequences of hate, both at home and abroad. Hate has no place in Canada – whether in person or online, in our schools, or in our places of worship. Our government is committed to keeping communities across the country safe. Because when someone becomes a victim of hate, it affects all of us. Canada’s first-ever Action Plan on Combatting Hate represents an unprecedented cross-government effort to combat hate while providing more support to victims of hate and at-risk communities. As we face difficult and challenging times, we must stand up for who are as a country – a country where diversity is our strength and where everyone can be who they are and achieve their dreams without fear.”
—The Honourable Kamal Khera, Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities
“Hate, in all its forms, has no place in Canada – everyone has a right to feel and be safe in their homes and in their communities. We all have a role to play in fighting discrimination and fostering a fairer, safer and more inclusive Canada. The Changing Narratives Fund, as part of Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate, will break down systemic barriers and empower diverse voices in the arts, culture and media. The fund ensures their experiences and perspectives are better represented, and advances anti-racism, equity, and diversity and inclusion within the cultural and media sectors.”
—The Honourable Pascale St–Onge, Minister of Canadian Heritage
“In the face of an increase in hate crimes, our government is stepping up to ensure at-risk communities can access financial support to protect their institutions. The new Canada Community Security Program is designed to be simpler, more flexible and more generous, in direct response to what we’ve heard from community organizations across the country.”
—The Honourable Dominic LeBlanc, Minister of Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs
“No one should live in fear of being who they are, but we know that discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity and expression continues to be a reality in Canada. This is wrong and must be eliminated. Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate complements actions we have taken to protect and support Canadians since 2015, including the Federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan, all of which were developed by listening to the voices and lived experiences of individuals and communities across Canada. As always, we continue to stand shoulder to shoulder with all communities experiencing hate and we will not hesitate to use all federal tools to protect and support them.”
—The Honourable Marci Ien, Minister for Women and Gender Equality and Youth
“We all expect to be safe in our homes, in our neighbourhoods and in our communities. This is why we introduced Bill C-63, a key component of Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate. We know that online harms can have real world impacts with tragic and sometimes fatal consequences. This legislation is about keeping everyone safer in an online world that can feel more dangerous and unfortunately more toxic each and every day so that women, racialized persons, 2SLGBTQI+ people, and people of diverse faiths and backgrounds can go to their places of worship, community centres, schools or work without fearing that online threats might turn into real world danger.”
—The Honourable Arif Virani, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
“Canada is as innovative as it is diverse, and it is far more successful when everyone is given a fair chance to develop their full potential, free from hate and discrimination. With Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate, we are standing up to confront hate and protect Canadians, and Statistics Canada will be key in researching and gathering the data needed to build a safer and more resilient society.”
—The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry
“Canada is a country rich in diversity, where every person deserves to feel safe and be respected. This is why today we’re launching Canada’s first-ever Action Plan on Combatting Hate, a commitment of $273 million to help build a safe Canada for everyone.”
—Sameer Zuberi, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities
Quick Facts
Budget 2022 provided $85 million over four years, starting in 2022–23, to the Department of Canadian Heritage to launch and implement the new Anti-Racism Strategy and a national action plan on combatting hate. Budget 2024 provides an additional $273.6 million over six years, starting in 2024–25, and $29.3 million ongoing to support Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate. The Action Plan brings together key initiatives led by federal departments and organizations, including Canadian Heritage, Public Safety Canada, Justice Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Women and Gender Equality Canada, Statistics Canada and the Canadian Race Relations Foundation.
According to the July 2024 Statistics Canada data release, the number of police-reported hate crimes increased from 3,612 incidents in 2022 to 4,777 in 2023 (+32%), even though some victims might not report a hate crime they experienced. This followed an 8-percent increase in 2022 and a 72-percent increase from 2019 to 2021. Overall, the number of police-reported hate crimes (+145%) has more than doubled since 2019.
Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate is complemented by the work of the Special Envoy on Preserving Holocaust Remembrance and Combatting Antisemitism and the Special Representative on Combatting Islamophobia.
Public Safety Canada’s enhanced Canada Community Security Program (CCSP) (previously the Security Infrastructure Program) is also part of Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate. The CCSP is making it easier and more efficient for organizations and communities at risk of hate-motivated crime to access security support when they need it.
The Action Plan aligns with ongoing efforts to further mitigate the risk of exposure to harmful content online through Bill C-63, which proposes to create a new Online Harms Act to create stronger protections for the most vulnerable groups online. The Government of Canada has tabled Bill C-63, An Act to enact the Online Harms Act, to amend the Criminal Code, the Canadian Human Rights Act and An Act respecting the mandatory reporting of Internet child pornography by persons who provide an Internet service and to make consequential and related amendments to other Acts, in the House of Commons.
Canada is signatory to the Christchurch Call to Eliminate Terrorist and Violent Extremist Content Online, which is a global pledge by 56 governments, including Canada, as well as online service providers and civil society organizations to coordinate and collaborate on efforts to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online. The Government of Canada reiterates its engagement to advance the Christchurch Call to Action in Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate.
Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate complements Changing Systems, Transforming Lives: Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy 2024–2028. Both initiatives take a comprehensive and intersectional approach to confronting hate, racism and discrimination.
Associated Links
Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate
The Canada Community Security Program
Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy: Changing Systems, Transforming Lives 2024–2028
Building a Foundation for Change: Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy 2019–2022
Backgrounder: Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate
OTTAWA, September 24, 2024
Far too many people’s lives are impacted by hate and its devastating consequences. Canada’s Action Plan on Combatting Hate is informed by individuals and communities with lived experience of hate. It is grounded in consultation activities organized by the Federal Anti-Racism Secretariat, which included:
- 15 town halls
- 2 national summits on antisemitism and Islamophobia;
- 1 national youth forum on anti-Black racism;
- 21 roundtables; and
- an online questionnaire open to everyone in Canada.
Additionally, the Action Plan builds on community engagement conducted by the 2SLGBTQI+ Secretariat for the Federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan, three roundtables led by Public Safety Canada on the Security Infrastructure Program (now known as the Canada Community Security Program), and research and recommendations from the Canadian Race Relations Foundation.
The Action Plan lays the foundation for the Government of Canada’s robust response to the growing threat of hate while ensuring every person’s right to be safe and treated with dignity. To achieve this goal, priority areas for action are organized under three pillars:
- Empower communities to identify and prevent hate;
- Support victims and survivors, and protect communities; and
- Build community trust, partnerships and institutional readiness.
To drive real change across the country, the Action Plan brings new and existing initiatives together to foster greater coordination and collaboration among federal organizations. Working in collaboration with their provincial, territorial, international, Indigenous and municipal counterparts, it includes federal initiatives led by:
- Canadian Heritage;
- Canadian Race Relations Foundation;
- Justice Canada;
- Public Safety Canada;
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police;
- Statistics Canada; and
- Women and Gender Equality Canada.
Everyone has multiple and diverse factors of identity that intersect. This impacts how individuals understand and experience hate and the government’s response to hate crimes and hate incidents. This Action Plan was developed using Gender-Based Analysis Plus in an effort to develop responsive measures that take into account the diversity of needs and realities.
For more information, consult the Action Plan web page at https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/combatting-hate.html.
SOURCE Canadian Heritage
The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
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