News
Firefighting planes are dumping ocean water on the Los Angeles fires − why using saltwater is typically a last resort
Firefighters in Los Angeles use seawater to combat wildfires due to freshwater shortages, though this poses risks to ecosystems and equipment.
Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Institution
Firefighters battling the deadly wildfires that raced through the Los Angeles area in January 2025 have been hampered by a limited supply of freshwater. So, when the winds are calm enough, skilled pilots flying planes aptly named Super Scoopers are skimming off 1,500 gallons of seawater at a time and dumping it with high precision on the fires.
Using seawater to fight fires can sound like a simple solution – the Pacific Ocean has a seemingly endless supply of water. In emergencies like Southern California is facing, it’s often the only quick solution, though the operation can be risky amid ocean swells.
But seawater also has downsides.
Saltwater corrodes firefighting equipment and may harm ecosystems, especially those like the chaparral shrublands around Los Angeles that aren’t normally exposed to seawater. Gardeners know that small amounts of salt – added, say, as fertilizer – does not harm plants, but excessive salts can stress and kill plants.
While the consequences of adding seawater to ecosystems are not yet well understood, we can gain insights on what to expect by considering the effects of sea-level rise.
A seawater experiment in a coastal forest
As an ecosystem ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, I lead a novel experiment called TEMPEST that was designed to understand how and why historically salt-free coastal forests react to their first exposures to salty water.
Sea-level rise has increased by an average of about 8 inches globally over the past century, and that water has pushed salty water into U.S. forests, farms and neighborhoods that had previously known only freshwater. As the rate of sea-level rise accelerates, storms push seawater ever farther onto the dry land, eventually killing trees and creating ghost forests, a result of climate change that is widespread in the U.S. and globally.
In our TEMPEST test plots, we pump salty water from the nearby Chesapeake Bay into tanks, then sprinkle it on the forest soil surface fast enough to saturate the soil for about 10 hours at a time. This simulates a surge of salty water during a big storm.
Our coastal forest showed little effect from the first 10-hour exposure to salty water in June 2022 and grew normally for the rest of the year. We increased the exposure to 20 hours in June 2023, and the forest still appeared mostly unfazed, although the tulip poplar trees were drawing water from the soil more slowly, which may be an early warning signal.
Things changed after a 30-hour exposure in June 2024. The leaves of tulip poplar in the forests started to brown in mid-August, several weeks earlier than normal. By mid-September the forest canopy was bare, as if winter had set in. These changes did not occur in a nearby plot that we treated the same way, but with freshwater rather than seawater.
The initial resilience of our forest can be explained in part by the relatively low amount of salt in the water in this estuary, where water from freshwater rivers and a salty ocean mix. Rain that fell after the experiments in 2022 and 2023 washed salts out of the soil.
But a major drought followed the 2024 experiment, so salts lingered in the soil then. The trees’ longer exposure to salty soils after our 2024 experiment may have exceeded their ability to tolerate these conditions.
Seawater being dumped on the Southern California fires is full-strength, salty ocean water. And conditions there have been very dry, particularly compared with our East Coast forest plot.
Changes evident in the ground
Our research group is still trying to understand all the factors that limit the forest’s tolerance to salty water, and how our results apply to other ecosystems such as those in the Los Angeles area.
Tree leaves turning from green to brown well before fall was a surprise, but there were other surprises hidden in the soil below our feet.
Rainwater percolating through the soil is normally clear, but about a month after the first and only 10-hour exposure to salty water in 2022, the soil water turned brown and stayed that way for two years. The brown color comes from carbon-based compounds leached from dead plant material. It’s a process similar to making tea.
Our lab experiments suggest that salt was causing clay and other particles to disperse and move about in the soil. Such changes in soil chemistry and structure can persist for many years.
Sea-level rise is increasing coastal exposure
While ocean water can help fight fires, there are reasons fire officials prefer freshwater sources – provided freshwater is available.
U.S. coastlines, meanwhile, are facing more extensive and frequent saltwater exposure as rising global temperatures accelerate sea-level rise that drowns forests, fields and farms, with unknown risks for coastal landscapes.
Patrick Megonigal, Associate Director of Research, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Community
Celebrating National Nutrition Month: A Heartfelt Tribute to Nourishing Seniors
On March 19, 2025, Tanner Terrace residents celebrated National Nutrition Month with a community event led by Diana Gregory Outreach Services, focusing on healthy eating and nutrition education for seniors.
March 19, 2025, marked a significant day for the residents of Tanner Terrace in Glendale, Arizona, as they came together to celebrate National Nutrition Month. The event, held from 2 PM to 3:30 PM, aimed to emphasize the importance of healthy eating among seniors and featured a special focus on enhancing their nutritional knowledge.
The gathering was organized by Diana Gregory Outreach Services, a non-profit dedicated to enriching lives through healthy eating. Over the years, this organization has worked tirelessly to provide access to fresh produce and nutritional education for low-income seniors, veterans, and vulnerable individuals in the community.
A Flavorful Presentation
The afternoon began with a lively presentation titled Food, Fun, and Fitness, led by certified nutritionist Debbie Polisky. The interactive session engaged residents in discussions about the benefits of balanced nutrition and simple ways to incorporate healthy foods into their diets. Attendees were eager to learn and ask questions, creating a vibrant atmosphere filled with enthusiasm for healthier living.
As a delightful conclusion to the presentation, each of the 100 seniors in attendance received a pre-packed bag of fresh produce from Fry’s Food Stores, complete with recipes and nutritional information. Watching the smiles on the seniors’ faces as they received these gifts was a heartwarming reminder of the impact of community support.
Generous Support from Fry’s Food Stores
At the outset of the event, Diana Gregory was presented with a generous check from Fry’s Food Stores. This contribution is vital for supporting Diana Gregory Outreach Services and its initiatives. Gregory proudly stated, “We have been serving the town for 16 years, and last year alone, we served over 30,000 seniors and veterans. This kind of support is critical to continue our mission.”
Pam Giannonatti, the Corporate Affairs Manager for Fry’s, emphasized their commitment to fighting food insecurity. With initiatives like “Zero Hunger, Zero Waste,” Fry’s aims to provide fresh food not only in their stores but also to those in need within the community. “Last year alone, we were able to provide over 16 million meals to hungry Arizonans,” Girardi remarked, highlighting the company’s dedication to wholesome nutrition and community welfare.
The Mission of Diana Gregory Outreach Services
Diana Gregory Outreach Services has a clear and impactful mission: to enrich lives through healthy eating. By addressing health disparities and championing holistic nutrition and fitness, the organization ensures that vulnerable populations have access to the resources they need to thrive. Their commitment is straightforward but profound: “We have a responsibility to ensure no veteran, senior, and their families in our community go to bed hungry.”
The culmination of the event was not just about handing out fresh produce; it symbolized a community rallying together to support its most vulnerable members. Flyers were distributed to the residents of Tanner Terrace, spreading awareness about future initiatives and encouraging participation in further programs designed to enhance healthy living.
A Community Commitment
As I observed this event, it became clear that initiatives like these serve a dual purpose: they enrich the lives of seniors by providing them with crucial resources and foster a sense of community among participants. For many seniors, events like these also offer an opportunity to socialize and engage with their neighbors, enhancing their overall well-being.
As National Nutrition Month concludes, the event at Tanner Terrace stands as a shining example of how community partnerships—between organizations, businesses, and residents—can work in harmony to create a healthier future for all. By continuing to support initiatives that prioritize nutrition, we can make a lasting impact on our community’s health and wellness.
In the spirit of National Nutrition Month, let us carry forward the lessons learned and the connections made, ensuring that every member of our community has access to the nourishment they need to lead fulfilling lives.
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The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
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Bigger than life in more ways than one, George Foreman captivated the hearts and minds of sports fans across the globe and found an enduring place on the kitchen counters of countless American homes. A two-time heavyweight champion, entrepreneur, author, and minister, Foreman passed away on March 21, 2025, at the age of 76, as confirmed by his family and publicist.
George Foreman Legacy
With heavy hearts, Foreman’s family shared the news on Instagram: “Our hearts are broken. With profound sorrow, we announce the passing of our beloved George Edward Foreman Sr., who peacefully departed surrounded by loved ones. A devout preacher, a devoted husband, a loving father, and a proud grand and great-grandfather, he lived a life marked by unwavering faith, humility, and purpose.”
Affectionately known as “Big George,” Foreman was best recognized as a championship boxer. He brought home the heavyweight gold medal from the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, launching his professional career, which reached a pinnacle in 1973 when he defeated Joe Frazier in Jamaica to claim his first heavyweight championship. This fight, dominated by Foreman, is famously remembered for sportscaster Howard Cosell’s legendary call: “Down goes Frazier!”
In 1974, Foreman fought Muhammad Ali in what would become one of boxing’s most iconic matches, dubbed “The Rumble in the Jungle.” Although Foreman entered the ring as the heavy favorite, he suffered the first loss of his career, yielding his title to Ali via an eighth-round knockout. This legendary bout became one of the most-watched televised events in history, solidifying Ali’s moniker as “The Greatest.”
Following a victorious rematch against Frazier in 1976, Foreman faced challenges, retiring after another defeat to Jimmy Young. However, his story didn’t end there. After a decade away from the ring, Foreman made a surprising return in 1987 at the age of 38, stringing together 12 consecutive wins before falling to Evander Holyfield in 1991.
In a remarkable comeback, Foreman made history in 1994 when he, at 45 years old, defeated 26-year-old Michael Moorer to capture the WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, becoming the oldest person ever to win a world heavyweight championship. He relinquished the titles at 46 years and 169 days old, ultimately retiring for a second time in 1997 with an impressive career record of 76 wins and only 5 losses, 68 of which were knockouts. In 2003, Foreman was rightfully inducted into both the World Boxing Hall of Fame and the International Boxing Hall of Fame, earning his place among the 25 best boxers of all time.
Beyond the boxing ring, Foreman made a tremendous impact as an entrepreneur, particularly as the face of the George Foreman Grill. Launched in 1994, this innovative kitchen appliance became a global sensation, with over 100 million units sold within its first 25 years.
Foreman is survived by his wife, Mary Joan Martelly, and his 12 children—five sons and seven daughters—sharing that “Big George” famously named all his sons George Edward Foreman so “they would always have something in common.”
George Foreman leaves behind a lasting legacy that transcended sports, embodying resilience, faith, and entrepreneurial spirit. He will be fondly remembered, not just as a boxing champion but as a beloved figure in the hearts of many.
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https://www.tmz.com/2025/03/21/george-foreman-dead/
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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The Unfolding Drama of Mattel Adventure Park: Opinions Before Opening
Mattel Adventure Park, set to open in late 2025 in Glendale, Arizona, faces delays provoking mixed reviews online. While some express disappointment over construction setbacks, others exhibit excitement toward its promise of unforgettable experiences for families.
As the vibrant desert sun beats down on Glendale, Arizona, local residents and prospective visitors are filled with a mix of excitement and impatience, waiting for the highly anticipated Mattel Adventure Park to finally open its doors. Slated for its debut at the end of 2025, this first-of-its-kind theme park has become the center of online chatter, with people leaving their opinions long before the first guests even step foot inside. While the allure of this park is undoubtedly enticing, the reviews—both positive and negative—are creating a curious spectacle worth exploring.
The Anticipation and Its Delays
Initially set to open in late 2023, Mattel Adventure Park has faced multiple delays that have pushed its launch date back not once, but twice. Set amid the ongoing construction of the VAI Resort, the theme park aims to bring fan-favorite properties to life, including Barbie, Thomas & Friends, Hot Wheels, and Masters of the Universe, over a sprawling 9-acre indoor-outdoor area. While the design promises to provide air-conditioned spaces for those scorching Arizona days, the project’s enticing features have not prevented some pre-opening frustrations from flooding the online review platforms.
The Curious Case of Early Reviews
Despite the park being an unfinished dream, it has already attracted a litany of Google Reviews, with an overall rating of 4.1 from a total of 62 responses. It’s fascinating to see how public sentiment manifests in such a unique manner—especially when some reviewers seem to have more to say about waiting than the park’s actual attractions.
Braylon and Peyton’s one-star review is a prime example of pre-opening disappointment: “We have been waiting literally years, more than two now,” they lament, expressing the anxiety of every parent waiting for those joyous days when their children can experience their favorite characters in person. This sort of heartfelt feedback encapsulates a universal feeling among families eager to create magical memories but grappling with the gnawing frustration of unforeseen delays.
Similarly, Loura Petsche bemoans the lack of updates, noting, “Looks exciting for two years now but disappointing no updates for months.” It seems her grandchildren, once bubbling with excitement for Thomas the Tank Engine, are growing up too quickly—perhaps even before the park can open its gates!
A Mix of Optimism and Enthusiasm
However, it’s not all doom and gloom in the realm of reviewers. There are some brightly shining voices offering a different perspective. Jack Tang is a beacon of enthusiasm, eager for the park to open, stating, “My family will be regulars… This will replace my son’s current favorite theme park, Legoland, in Carlsbad.” His excitement breathes life into the conversation, reminding everyone that the dream of Mattel Adventure Park is still alive and well.
Adding to the positivity, Jose Armijo’s five-star review is a light-hearted nudge to his fellow reviewers: “Do people not understand that a theme park can’t be built overnight?” His perspective brings humor and a touch of realism to the table, gently reminding us that anticipation can be paired with patience. The prospect of a uniquely themed park is worth holding out for!
And let’s not overlook Ashley Stevenson, who somehow describes a great experience at a place that hasn’t even opened yet: “This place is great… Bring your own food and snacks…” Now, we must give her imaginative praise for what must be an extraordinary act of visualizing the yet-to-be-seen park experience!
Conclusion: The Waiting Game
In a digital world where opinions can be easily aired, the phenomenon of pre-opening reviews shines a light on the interplay between anticipation and frustration. While some voices express impatience regarding the construction delays of Mattel Adventure Park, others remind us of the potential joy that lies ahead.
As the sun sets behind the construction site in Glendale, we find ourselves in this curious waiting game—one that weaves together laughter, dreams, and the hope that when the park finally opens, it will indeed create unforgettable memories for families. So, here’s to the future of Mattel Adventure Park! May it soon be a place where the sentiment of childhood is realized, and where all the opinions can finally morph into joyous laughter and exhilarating experiences instead.
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