Urbanism
Gentrification isn’t inevitable − it can hinge on how residents view their neighborhood
Elizabeth Korver-Glenn, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Sarah Mayorga, Brandeis University
Gentrification has become a familiar story in cities across the United States. The story line typically goes this way: Middle- and upper-income people start moving into a lower-income or poor neighborhood. Housing prices rise in response, and longtime residents and businesses are driven out.
As the U.S. population becomes increasingly urban, gentrification can seem inevitable. However, scholars have found that it’s actually pretty rare.
For example, a study by the nonprofit National Community Reinvestment Coalition that examined neighborhood change from 2000 through 2013 found that most low- and moderate-income neighborhoods across the United States did not gentrify during that period. Just seven cities – New York, Los Angeles, Washington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Diego and Chicago – accounted for almost half of all neighborhood gentrification nationwide.
Why is gentrification less common than many people fear? In our book, “A Good Reputation: How Residents Fight for an American Barrio,” we argue that conflicts over neighborhood reputation are an important factor.
We examined disputes among residents of Northside, a predominantly Latino neighborhood, or barrio, in Houston, over how their neighborhood was perceived. We found that those who thought outsiders stigmatized the barrio, or who stigmatized it themselves, avoided engaging with the neighborhood, its institutions and its residents. This group supported measures that would facilitate gentrification, such as monitoring local bars to file nuisance complaints.
By contrast, those who perceived the barrio as a welcome, desirable space worked to cultivate the neighborhood’s institutions and connect its people, pushing back against attempts to gentrify the area.
Gentrification isn’t linear or automatic
Common understandings of gentrification and urban development often frame these urban processes as natural, linear and even inevitable for low-income neighborhoods. The argument goes that once you see a new Starbucks, or a light rail station in the case of Northside, gentrification is sure to follow.
Based on our research, however, we argue that when politicians, developers and even residents themselves attempt to develop or redevelop marginalized urban neighborhoods, they spur neighborhood conflicts that, in turn, can greatly influence the redevelopment process.
Northside is one such neighborhood. Located just north of downtown Houston, it has been majority Latino for more than 60 years. It has also been a high-poverty area, with 23% to 38% of its residents living beneath the federal poverty line over this time period.
About one-third of its residents are foreign-born, many of them originating from Mexico or Central America. But most Latino Northsiders are second-, third- or later-generation Mexican Americans or Latino Americans.
The neighborhood consists mainly of single-family homes on small, densely packed urban lots. Some streets have sidewalks and covered drainage systems, while others have open ditches and lack sidewalks. Although the METRO red line train travels along the barrio’s western border and a few busy thoroughfares crisscross the neighborhood, much of the area has a small-town, quiet, residential feel.
Conflicting approaches
As we describe in our book, we found two widespread and conflicting views of Northside among its residents. Interestingly, these views did not easily map onto individual characteristics, such as racial identity or class. People would sometimes change their viewpoints depending on the conflict in question.
One group wanted to cleanse the barrio of what its members saw as negative features, transform the area and prepare the way for gentrification to occur. The other group was intent on celebrating the barrio as it already was and on preserving its character and supporting its residents.
Residents who wanted to remake Northside often believed that it had too many features that they felt were associated with Black or low-income people, such as public housing, cantinas or bars, and services for people without homes. For example, one woman we spoke with cited neighborhood cantinas and housing shelters as evidence that Northside was dangerous.
These Northsiders wanted to purge and clean the neighborhood to improve what they perceived as its marred image. They sought to remove facilities, such as a Salvation Army shelter, which they believed attracted undesirable people; called for increased police presence in the neighborhood; and avoided local places such as parks and grocery stores, often driving to other neighborhoods instead.
They also attempted to curate what they viewed as respectable behavior, through steps such as installing video cameras and calling on residents to report neighbors whom they believed were dumping trash or failing to neuter and spay their pets.
In contrast, other residents believed that their neighborhood was a welcoming and desirable place. They were proud of its parks, churches, public schools and Mexican restaurants, and they spoke of pivotal moments in Northside’s past to argue for its desirability in the present. One such event was an uprising at Moody Park in 1978 that spurred reforms in the Houston police department and capital improvements to the park.
These residents hosted parties, exercised at local parks and volunteered with public schools and Catholic parishes. Many regularly participated in neighborhood development and nonprofit meetings, and they objected when other speakers cast Northside as a stigmatized place and its residents as the cause of barrio ills.
They also defended Northside against what they saw as threats to its quality of life. As one example, residents sued the owners of White Oak Music Hall, a 5-acre, three-stage concert venue that opened in 2016 on the western edge of the neighborhood. Plaintiffs argued that loud music was interrupting their children’s sleep and decreasing their property values. They won important concessions in a 2018 settlement, including caps on the number of outdoor concerts, installation of sound-monitoring equipment and limits on the number and duration of concerts on school nights.
A different kind of gentrification story
Ultimately, we found that Northside did not gentrify because the conflict between these disparate views of the neighborhood blocked or slowed large-scale redevelopment. Some residents’ attempts to protect and preserve the barrio interrupted developers’ plans – for example, by using Houston’s Code of Ordinances to block the subdivision of existing lots. Other actions, such as the lawsuit against White Oak Music Hall, checked developers’ influence in the area.
Although residents’ efforts to prevent redevelopment did not constitute a full-blown, organized social movement, people who valued Northside as it was successfully challenged the idea that it was a dangerous and unattractive place that needed to be remade, and they worked to preserve the place they called home.
Other researchers have examined similar struggles in cities including Boston, Los Angeles and Chicago. We think that paying attention to these conflicts in cities of all sizes can provide a deeper understanding of why gentrification succeeds – or, more commonly, why it fails.
Elizabeth Korver-Glenn, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Sarah Mayorga, Professor of Sociology, Brandeis University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
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Urbanism
The Legacy of Goodyear Rubber Company: Pioneers of West Coast Tire Manufacturing
“Discover the legacy of Goodyear Rubber Company, the pioneers of West Coast tire manufacturing in Los Angeles.”
The Goodyear Rubber Company, situated at 6701 South Central Avenue in Los Angeles, played a pivotal role in shaping the West Coast’s tire manufacturing industry. As the first tire company in the region, Goodyear paved the way for other manufacturers to establish their presence, leading to the growth of a thriving rubber industry in Los Angeles.
Historical Significance
Goodyear Rubber Company’s establishment on the West Coast marked a significant milestone in the region’s industrial development. By the mid-1920s, the company’s success inspired other tire manufacturers to set up facilities in the area. This, in turn, led to the emergence of support industries and plants, creating a robust ecosystem that provided materials, services, and equipment. By 1928, Los Angeles became the second-largest rubber manufacturing center in the United States, thanks to Goodyear and three other major rubber companies.
Goodyear-California’s Growth
Despite occasional economic setbacks, Goodyear-California continued to expand and meet the expectations of its parent company in Akron. By 1941, the Goodyear-California plant was supplying 11 western states, Alaska, and Hawaii with a remarkable daily production of 15,000 tires. The plant employed between 1,500 to 2,500 workers, contributing significantly to the local economy. Its success not only manifested Goodyear’s commitment to innovation and quality but also solidified Los Angeles’ position as a vital hub for rubber manufacturing.
End of an Era
Sadly, in February 1979, after facing financial difficulties, the Goodyear-California Complex was forced to close its doors. However, the impact of this pioneering company remains etched in the memories of those who witnessed its existence. The facility went on to serve as a filming location for movies and TV shows until it was eventually demolished in the mid-1980s.
The Goodyear Rubber Company’s legacy in Los Angeles is one of innovation, growth, and economic significance. As the first tire manufacturer on the West Coast, it laid the foundation for the thriving rubber industry that followed. The Goodyear-California plant’s contributions to both the local and national economy will long be remembered and celebrated.
Link to info about Goodyear Los Angeles referenced in this article: https://www.loc.gov/item/ca1293/
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STM Blog
Lucas Museum: Celebrating Narrative Art in LA
“Discover the captivating world of narrative art at the Lucas Museum in LA, founded by George Lucas and Mellody Hobson.”
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art is a remarkable addition to the vibrant cultural landscape of Los Angeles, California. Established by acclaimed filmmaker George Lucas and his wife Mellody Hobson, the museum is poised to become a pivotal hub for visual storytelling across diverse artistic forms.
Lucas Museum
Nestled in Exposition Park, the museum features an extensive collection encompassing myriad artistic mediums. From striking paintings and evocative photography to intricate sculptures and compelling illustrations, the Lucas Museum is dedicated to celebrating the transformative power of narrative art, engaging audiences, and conveying profound messages through its exhibitions. As the museum evolves, it continues to enrich the conversation around art and storytelling, inviting visitors to experience narratives that resonate on multiple levels.
One of the standout features of the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art is its unwavering commitment to inclusivity and diversity. The museum aims to celebrate art from a multitude of cultures and backgrounds, giving voice to underrepresented narratives and perspectives. This focus on inclusivity is not only manifested in the museum’s eclectic collection but is also vividly reflected in its thoughtfully crafted programming and community outreach initiatives. By engaging with local communities and diverse artists, the museum fosters a rich dialogue that honors different traditions and storytelling techniques.
Designed by the acclaimed architect Ma Yansong of MAD Architects, the museum’s stunning building is a work of art in itself. Its unique and innovative architecture seamlessly integrates with the surrounding environment, creating a harmonious space that invites visitors to immerse themselves in the diverse world of storytelling. The dynamic design features flowing forms and open spaces, allowing natural light to play a crucial role in enhancing the overall aesthetic experience. This architectural masterpiece not only serves as a physical shelter for art but also symbolizes the fluid nature of narrative.
The museum’s website, lucasmuseum.org, offers a captivating glimpse into its vision and future exhibits, generating palpable excitement among art enthusiasts and fans of George Lucas’s cinematic legacy alike. It serves as a vital platform for engaging with the museum’s mission and provides ongoing updates about various programs and events that aim to foster a sense of community and anticipation leading up to its grand opening.
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art stands as a testament to the profound power of storytelling to inspire, educate, and unite people from all walks of life. It embodies George Lucas’s passion for narrative and creativity, creating a space where art can be experienced, appreciated, and understood in its many forms. The museum will not only display art but also offer educational workshops, lectures, and events that will enrich the visitor experience and promote a deeper understanding of narrative as a vital component of human experience.
As the museum prepares to open its doors, the anticipation continues to build, with Los Angeles eagerly awaiting the opportunity to explore the rich world of narrative art. The Lucas Museum promises to become a cultural landmark—an inspiring venue where imagination and creativity converge. It aims to be a place where the stories that shape our lives are not just preserved, but celebrated and explored, ensuring that the legacy of narrative art endures for generations to come.
The museum is set to open in 2025…
For more information please visit: https://lucasmuseum.org/
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Big news for Los Angeles commuters and shipping operations: the iconic Vincent Thomas Bridge is set to undergo a major construction project that will lead to its complete closure for over a year. According to Caltrans, the bridge will shut down for a 16-month deck replacement, starting in late 2025 or early 2026.
Why Close the Bridge?
The Vincent Thomas Bridge, which connects San Pedro and Long Beach as part of Highway 47, has served as a vital traffic artery for 60 years. However, time has taken its toll, and the bridge’s concrete deck is quickly deteriorating due to the heavy vehicles that cross it daily and the marine environment it spans.
Caltrans officials have deemed the deck replacement necessary to ensure the structure’s safety and longevity. They describe the bridge as Los Angeles’ “welcoming monument,” emphasizing its importance to the community and regional connectivity.
The Decision Process
Earlier this year, Caltrans sought public feedback on how to approach the impending closure. Options included keeping some lanes open or implementing partial closures. However, after a 90-day comment period, it was determined that complete closure would be the most effective approach. This decision was guided by technical and environmental studies that showed a full closure would allow for uninterrupted work and ultimately shorten the construction timeline.
Caltrans emphasized that the single-stage option not only minimizes construction time but is also the safest, most cost-efficient, and allows for greater construction efficiency.
What to Expect During the Closure
When the construction begins, the bridge will be entirely shut down. This means rerouting will become essential for those who rely on this crucial structure for daily travel. Caltrans is currently working on a detailed closure and detour plan that will incorporate public input.
The preliminary detour routes likely include:
- Sepulveda Boulevard
- West Harry Bridges Boulevard
- Alameda Street
- Pacific Coast Highway
- Henry Ford Avenue
- Terminal Island Freeway/Highway 103
Commuters should brace for adjustments in their routes, as traffic patterns may shift considerably during the bridge’s closure.
Final Thoughts
While the announcement of the Vincent Thomas Bridge’s closure may send ripples of concern through the community, it’s essential to remember that this critical project is being implemented to preserve the bridge’s structural integrity for the future. The construction of a new deck will not only enhance safety but will also support the ever-increasing demands of traffic between Los Angeles and its bustling shipping centers.
As the scheduled start date approaches, be sure to stay informed about closure updates and planned detours to facilitate a smoother transition during this necessary project.
Related links:
CalTrans: https://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-7/district-7-news/vtb-final-environmental
KTLA: https://ktla.com/news/california/vincent-thomas-bridge-in-los-angeles-harbor-to-close-for-16-months
STM Daily News is a multifaceted podcast that explores a wide range of topics, from life and consumer issues to the latest in food and beverage trends. Our discussions dive into the realms of science, covering everything from space and Earth to nature, artificial intelligence, and astronomy. We also celebrate the amateur sports scene, highlighting local athletes and events, including our special segment on senior Pickleball, where we report on the latest happenings in this exciting community. With our diverse content, STM Daily News aims to inform, entertain, and engage listeners, providing a comprehensive look at the issues that matter most in our daily lives. https://stories-this-moment.castos.com/
https://stmdailynews.com/valtrans-the-missed-opportunity-for-phoenixs-public-transit-evolution/
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