(Family Features) The Ardennes Offensive, commonly known as the “Battle of the Bulge,”  stands as the single bloodiest battle fought by the United States during World War II. Waged in the bitter cold of mid-December 1944, it took the Allies a month to secure victory. The cost was staggering: nearly 20,000 Americans were killed in action, close to 50,000 wounded and another 20,000 captured.

In honor of the 80th anniversary of this pivotal battle, the Library of Congress Veterans History Project has launched an online exhibit to commemorate the milestone. While the battle itself is etched in the annals of history, the personal stories from those who endured it remain one of the most powerful testaments to its impact.

The online exhibit, “Serving Our Voices,” features accounts from 12 Battle of the Bulge survivors, part of the thousands of narratives preserved by the project. These stories ensure future generations can gain deeper understanding of veterans’ service and sacrifice.

One such story includes Eliot Annable, a 20-year-old radio operator serving with the Army’s 106th Infantry Division. Just days after arriving at the western front, Annable found himself under German artillery barrages on. Dec. 16, 1944. He recalled the assault in his oral history, describing the intensity as “almost enough to knock you on the floor.”

The following five days became the most harrowing days of Annable’s military service. While on a communications mission, he became stranded behind enemy lines and spent nearly a week evading the enemy in the Ardennes Forest without food, shelter or appropriate winter clothing. After traveling more than 30 miles, he eventually safely rejoined the remnants of his unit.

Back home, Annable’s parents were gripped by uncertainty. On Dec. 31, 1944, his father wrote a letter expressing the family’s anguish and love for their son, regardless of what happened. The moving letter, coupled with Annable’s oral history, provides an intimate view into one soldier’s Battle of the Bulge experience.

Another featured veteran in the exhibit, Guy Martin Stephens, also served with the 106th Infantry Division. Unlike Annable, Stephens was captured by the Germans during battle. In his oral history, he recounted the surreal feeling of combat, the relentless hunger he endured as a prisoner of war and the lingering effects of his time in captivity.

“It’s hard,” Stephens said. “It’s something you can’t ever … your mind is just like a video, or camcorder, I guess. You put it in there. You get busy and get married. You get home, and you get an education, and get a job, and raise your family and everything like that. You can kind of gloss it over or try to push it back, but it’s always there, you know?”

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Veterans who served during the 20th or 21st centuries are invited to establish a collection, including interviews (video or audio), letters and original photographs, even if they did not see combat. Families can also submit collections posthumously to honor their loved ones. To explore more veterans’ stories and learn how you can contribute to the program, visit loc.gov/vets.

Photos courtesy of Library of Congress Veterans History Project

SOURCE:
Library of Congress Veterans History Project

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Toshi Hirabayashi, Georgia Institute of Technology and Yaeji Kim, University of Maryland

The NASA project NEOWISE, which has given astronomers a detailed view of near-Earth objects – some of which could strike the Earth – ended its mission and burned on reentering the atmosphere after over a decade.

On a clear night, the sky is full of bright objects – from stars, large planets and galaxies to tiny asteroids flying near Earth. These asteroids are commonly known as near-Earth objects, and they come in a wide variety of sizes. Some are tens of kilometers across or larger, while others are only tens of meters or smaller.

On occasion, near-Earth objects smash into Earth at a high speed – roughly 10 miles per second (16 kilometers per second) or faster. That’s about 15 times as fast as a rifle’s muzzle speed. An impact at that speed can easily damage the planet’s surface and anything on it.

Impacts from large near-Earth objects are generally rare over a typical human lifetime. But they’re more frequent on a geological timescale of millions to billions of years. The best example may be a 6-mile-wide (10-kilometer-wide) asteroid that crashed into Earth, killed the dinosaurs and created Chicxulub crater about 65 million years ago.

Smaller impacts are very common on Earth, as there are more small near-Earth objects. An international community effort called planetary defense protects humans from these space intruders by cataloging and monitoring as many near-Earth objects as possible, including those closely approaching Earth. Researchers call the near-Earth objects that could collide with the surface potentially hazardous objects.

NASA began its NEOWISE mission in December 2013. This mission’s primary focus was to use the space telescope from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer to closely detect and characterize near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets.

NEOWISE contributed to planetary defense efforts with its research to catalog near-Earth objects. Over the past decade, it helped planetary defenders like us and our colleagues study near-Earth objects.

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Detecting near-Earth objects

NEOWISE was a game-changing mission, as it revolutionized how to survey near-Earth objects.

The NEOWISE mission continued to use the spacecraft from NASA’s WISE mission, which ran from late 2009 to 2011 and conducted an all-sky infrared survey to detect not only near-Earth objects but also distant objects such as galaxies.

The spacecraft orbited Earth from north to south, passing over the poles, and it was in a Sun-synchronous orbit, where it could see the Sun in the same direction over time. This position allowed it to scan all of the sky efficiently.

The spacecraft could survey astronomical and planetary objects by detecting the signatures they emitted in the mid-infrared range.

Humans’ eyes can sense visible light, which is electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 700 nanometers. When we look at stars in the sky with the naked eye, we see their visible light components.

However, mid-infrared light contains waves between 3 and 30 micrometers and is invisible to human eyes.

When heated, an object stores that heat as thermal energy. Unless the object is thermally insulated, it releases that energy continuously as electromagnetic energy, in the mid-infrared range.

This process, known as thermal emission, happens to near-Earth objects after the Sun heats them up. The smaller an asteroid, the fainter its thermal emission. The NEOWISE spacecraft could sense thermal emissions from near-Earth objects at a high level of sensitivity – meaning it could detect small asteroids.

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But asteroids aren’t the only objects that emit heat. The spacecraft’s sensors could pick up heat emissions from other sources too – including the spacecraft itself.

To make sure heat from the spacecraft wasn’t hindering the search, the WISE/NEOWISE spacecraft was designed so that it could actively cool itself using then-state-of-the-art solid hydrogen cryogenic cooling systems.

Operation phases

Since the spacecraft’s equipment needed to be very sensitive to detect faraway objects for WISE, it used solid hydrogen, which is extremely cold, to cool itself down and avoid any noise that could mess with the instruments’ sensitivity. Eventually the coolant ran out, but not until WISE had successfully completed its science goals.

During the cryogenic phase when it was actively cooling itself, the spacecraft operated at a temperature of about -447 degrees Fahrenheit (-266 degrees Celsius), slightly higher than the universe’s temperature, which is about -454 degrees Fahrenheit (-270 degrees Celsius).

The cryogenic phase lasted from 2009 to 2011, until the spacecraft went into hibernation in 2011.

Following the hibernation period, NASA decided to reactivate the WISE spacecraft under the NEOWISE mission, with a more specialized focus on detecting near-Earth objects, which was still feasible even without the cryogenic cooling.

During this reactivation phase, the detectors didn’t need to be quite as sensitive, nor the spacecraft kept as cold as it was during the cryogenic cooling phase, since near-Earth objects are closer than WISE’s faraway targets.

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The consequence of losing the active cooling was that two long-wave detectors out of the four on board became so hot that they could no longer function, limiting the craft’s capability.

Nevertheless, NEOWISE used its two operational detectors to continuously monitor both previously and newly detected near-Earth objects in detail.

NEOWISE’s legacy

As of February 2024, NEOWISE had taken more than 1.5 million infrared measurements of about 44,000 different objects in the solar system. These included about 1,600 discoveries of near-Earth objects. NEOWISE also provided detailed size estimates for more than 1,800 near-Earth objects.

Despite the mission’s contributions to science and planetary defense, it was decommissioned in August 2024. The spacecraft eventually started to fall toward Earth’s surface, until it reentered Earth’s atmosphere and burned up on Nov. 1, 2024.

NEOWISE’s contributions to hunting near-Earth objects gave scientists much deeper insights into the asteroids around Earth. It also gave scientists a better idea of what challenges they’ll need to overcome to detect faint objects.

So, did NEOWISE find all the near-Earth objects? The answer is no. Most scientists still believe that there are far more near-Earth objects out there that still need to be identified, particularly smaller ones.

To carry on NEOWISE’s legacy, NASA is planning a mission called NEO Surveyor. NEO Surveyor will be a next-generation space telescope that can study small near-Earth asteroids in more detail, mainly to contribute to NASA’s planetary defense efforts. It will identify hundreds of thousands of near-Earth objects that are as small as about 33 feet (10 meters) across. The spacecraft’s launch is scheduled for 2027.

Toshi Hirabayashi, Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Yaeji Kim, Postdoctoral Associate in Astronomy, University of Maryland

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This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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In recent weeks, New Jersey has found itself at the center of a perplexing enigma—mysterious drones hovering in the night sky over various towns, stirring intrigue and concern among locals and officials alike. Reports of these unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have raised questions regarding their origins, purposes, and safety implications, prompting both state and federal investigations.

Eyewitness Accounts: What Are Residents Seeing?

Reports of these nighttime sightings began surfacing in mid-November. Many residents described seeing groups of drones flying in organized patterns, often noted for their unusual size—some likening them to “SUV-size drones.” Notably, sightings have occurred near sensitive areas such as Picatinny Arsenal, a U.S. military research facility, and even over Donald Trump’s golf course in Bedminster. The objects have also been documented flying over coastal regions, creating a sense of unrest among those who dwell below.

Assemblywoman Dawn Fantasia did not hold back in her fears, describing these drones as potentially 6 feet in diameter and sometimes operating with their lights off. The mystery deepens as some local lawmakers gathered with state police and officials from the Department of Homeland Security to discuss the increasing frequency of these sightings which have spanned across New Jersey and even into parts of Pennsylvania.

Official Responses: Federal and State Action

The increasing reports of drone activity have prompted cautious responses from state and federal officials. The New Jersey State Police, alongside the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the FBI, have started to investigate. These agencies are eager to understand the nature of these unidentified flying objects and urge residents to report any suspicious activity.

White House National Security spokesman John Kirby recently stated that a review of the reported sightings has determined that many of these instances may actually involve manned aircraft operating legally. He affirmed that there has been no evidence of foreign involvement or threats to public safety linked to these sightings thus far.

However, not everyone is at ease. Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut has gone so far as to suggest that unidentified drones spotted over sensitive areas should be shot down. At the same time, apprehensions voiced by New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy echo a collective desire for clarity. Murphy stated, “This is something we’re taking deadly seriously,” emphasizing the need for transparency and prompt actions from federal authorities.

Investigative Challenges: Identifying the Objects

The investigation into these drone sightings faces significant hurdles. Many reports may stem from harmless, legal manned aircraft, according to preliminary assessments. Yet, the mix of anxiety and curiosity has led to calls for stricter regulations on drone flights. Some lawmakers have proposed immediate restrictions, while constituents express frustration at the apparent lack of answers regarding their safety.

Local residents are also contemplating taking matters into their own hands, threatening to shoot down the drones if the government doesn’t provide clarity and action. Such self-directed responses highlight the rising tensions and concerns over privacy and safety.

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What Next? Community and Government Collaboration

As the investigation unfolds, collaboration between community members and officials remains crucial. The FBI has urged residents to share any videos, photographs, or information regarding the drone sightings. Local officials emphasize that vigilance from the public can aid in piecing together the mystery.

In the meantime, experts in drone technology maintain that many of the sightings could indicate unauthorized drone operation, necessitating clearer laws governing drone usage. The law regulating aircraft does not empower police to intervene effectively; hence, an increasing number of legislators are advocating for an examination and potential amendment of existing laws.

While the origin and purpose of these drones remain unsolved, the experience resonates with the broader conversation around drone technology, personal privacy, and safety in increasingly crowded skies. Local communities eagerly await answers, hoping that soon we can demystify what lurks above in our endless night sky.

Conclusion

The mystery of the drones over New Jersey reflects the intersection of technology, safety, and public concern in today’s society. With investigations still ongoing and community engagement essential, residents and officials alike are hoping for clarity as they navigate this aerial enigma together. In an age where the skies are becoming more crowded, understanding the nature and purpose of these flying machines will be paramount for ensuring both safety and peace of mind.

Related links:

https://apnews.com/article/fbi-drones-new-jersey-0f4aba00748ac464d42270fbe7457733

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/drones-new-jersey-what-we-know

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STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.

https://stmdailynews.com/