NASA’s Psyche En Route to Asteroid: Unlocking the Secrets of Planet Formation
On Earth, the planet’s iron core is responsible for the magnetic field that shields our atmosphere and enables life.
Led by Arizona State University on NASA’s behalf, the $1.2 billion mission will use a roundabout route to get to the asteroid. The van-size spacecraft with solar panels big enough to fill a tennis court will swoop past Mars for a gravity boost in 2026. Three years later, it will reach the asteroid and attempt to go into orbit around it, circling as high as 440 miles (700 kilometers) and as close as 47 miles (75 kilometers) until at least 2031.
The spacecraft relies on solar electric propulsion, using xenon gas-fed thrusters and their gentle blue-glowing pulses. An experimental communication system is also along for the ride, using lasers instead of radio waves in an attempt to expand the flow of data from deep space to Earth. NASA expects the test to yield more than 10 times the amount of data, enough to transmit videos from the moon or Mars one day.
The spacecraft should have soared a year ago, but was held up by delays in flight software testing attributed to poor management and other issues. The revised schedule added extra travel time. So instead of arriving at the asteroid in 2026 as originally planned, the spacecraft won’t get there until 2029.
That’s the same year that another NASA spacecraft — the one that just returned asteroid samples to the Utah desert — will arrive at a different space rock as it buzzes Earth.
On October 13, 2023, NASA’s Psyche spacecraft embarked on an extraordinary journey to study an asteroid of the same name. Carried by a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, Psyche’s mission is to investigate this metal-rich world and provide invaluable insights into the formation of rocky planets. Accompanying this ambitious endeavor is NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communications technology demonstration, which will test laser communications beyond the Moon, paving the way for future exploration missions.
A SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket with the Psyche spacecraft onboard is launched from Launch Complex 39A, Friday, Oct. 13, 2023, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. NASA’s Psyche spacecraft will travel to a metal-rich asteroid by the same name orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter to study it’s composition. The spacecraft also carries the agency’s Deep Space Optical Communications technology demonstration, which will test laser communications beyond the Moon. NASA/Aubrey Gemignani
The Psyche Mission
A Historic Launch: Amidst great anticipation, Psyche successfully launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This momentous event marked the first-ever voyage to a metal-rich asteroid. As the spacecraft soared towards its destination, the fairings detached from the rocket, returning to Earth, and an hour later, Psyche separated from the rocket, preparing for the next phase of its mission.
Unveiling the Mysteries of Psyche: Psyche promptly entered a planned safe mode, awaiting further commands from mission controllers on Earth. The spacecraft established communication with NASA’s Deep Space Network complex in Canberra, Australia, confirming its good health. With two-way communication established, scientists eagerly anticipate the treasure trove of scientific knowledge that Psyche will unlock.
A Metal World to Explore: By August 2029, Psyche will begin orbiting the 173-mile-wide asteroid, becoming the first mission to explore a metal-class asteroid. With its high iron-nickel content, Psyche may be the remnant core of a planetesimal, offering valuable insights into the early stages of planet formation. This 26-month science investigation holds immense potential for expanding our understanding of the universe and our place within it.
The Journey and Propulsion System: Psyche’s journey to the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter spans six years and covers a distance of 2.2 billion miles. Powered by solar electric propulsion, the spacecraft employs charged atoms of xenon gas to create thrust, gently propelling it forward. Along the way, Psyche will utilize Mars’ gravity as a slingshot, further accelerating its journey towards the asteroid.
The Commissioning Phase: The initial 100 days of the mission comprise a commissioning phase, during which all flight systems undergo thorough checks to ensure their health. Of particular importance is the readiness of the electric thrusters to continuously fire over long stretches of the trajectory. Simultaneously, the science instruments, including a magnetometer, gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer, and multispectral imager, will undergo active checkout.
Advancing Optical Communications: One of the significant technological advancements accompanying the Psyche mission is NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communications technology demonstration. Approximately three weeks into the mission, when Psyche is approximately 4.7 million miles away from Earth, this technology will be powered on. This marks NASA’s first test beyond the Moon of high-data-rate optical communications, a critical capability for future space exploration.
As Psyche embarks on its mission to unravel the mysteries of the metal-rich asteroid, excitement and anticipation fill the air. The discoveries made during this journey hold the potential to reshape our understanding of planet formation and evolution. Moreover, the technological advancements demonstrated by the Deep Space Optical Communications technology will pave the way for bolder goals and greater achievements in space exploration. NASA’s commitment to exploring the unknown and inspiring the world through discovery has never been stronger.
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More Mission Information
Arizona State University leads the Psyche mission. A division of Caltech in Pasadena, JPL is responsible for the mission’s overall management, system engineering, integration and test, and mission operations. Maxar Space in Palo Alto, California, provided the high-power solar electric propulsion spacecraft chassis.
JPL manages the Deep Space Optical Communications project for the Technology Demonstration Missions program within STMD and the Space Communications and Navigation Program within the Space Operations Mission Directorate.
NASA’s Launch Services Program, based at Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for the insight and approval of the launch vehicle and manages the launch service for the Psyche mission. NASA certified the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket for use with the agency’s most complex and highest priority missions in early 2023 at the conclusion of a 2.5-year effort.
Psyche is the 14th mission selected as part of NASA’s Discovery Program, managed by the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
For more information about NASA’s Psyche mission go to:
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Workers who are in frequent contact with potentially sick animals are at high risk of bird flu infection.
Costfoto/NurPhoto via Getty ImagesRon Barrett, Macalester College
Disease forecasts are like weather forecasts: We cannot predict the finer details of a particular outbreak or a particular storm, but we can often identify when these threats are emerging and prepare accordingly.
The viruses that cause avian influenza are potential threats to global health. Recent animal outbreaks from a subtype called H5N1 have been especially troubling to scientists. Although human infections from H5N1 have been relatively rare, there have been a little more than 900 known cases globally since 2003 – nearly 50% of these cases have been fatal – a mortality rate about 20 times higher than that of the 1918 flu pandemic. If the worst of these rare infections ever became common among people, the results could be devastating.
Approaching potential disease threats from an anthropological perspective, my colleagues and I recently published a book called “Emerging Infections: Three Epidemiological Transitions from Prehistory to the Present” to examine the ways human behaviors have shaped the evolution of infectious diseases, beginning with their first major emergence in the Neolithic period and continuing for 10,000 years to the present day.
Viewed from this deep time perspective, it becomes evident that H5N1 is displaying a common pattern of stepwise invasion from animal to human populations. Like many emerging viruses, H5N1 is making incremental evolutionary changes that could allow it to transmit between people. The periods between these evolutionary steps present opportunities to slow this process and possibly avert a global disaster.
Spillover and viral chatter
When a disease-causing pathogen such as a flu virus is already adapted to infect a particular animal species, it may eventually evolve the ability to infect a new species, such as humans, through a process called spillover.
Spillover is a tricky enterprise. To be successful, the pathogen must have the right set of molecular “keys” compatible with the host’s molecular “locks” so it can break in and out of host cells and hijack their replication machinery. Because these locks often vary between species, the pathogen may have to try many different keys before it can infect an entirely new host species. For instance, the keys a virus successfully uses to infect chickens and ducks may not work on cattle and humans. And because new keys can be made only through random mutation, the odds of obtaining all the right ones are very slim.
Given these evolutionary challenges, it is not surprising that pathogens often get stuck partway into the spillover process. A new variant of the pathogen might be transmissible from an animal only to a person who is either more susceptible due to preexisting illness or more likely to be infected because of extended exposure to the pathogen.
Even then, the pathogen might not be able to break out of its human host and transmit to another person. This is the current situation with H5N1. For the past year, there have been many animal outbreaks in a variety of wild and domestic animals, especially among birds and cattle. But there have also been a small number of human cases, most of which have occurred among poultry and dairy workers who worked closely with large numbers of infected animals.
Pathogen transmission can be modeled in three stages. In Stage 1, the pathogen can be transmitted only between nonhuman animals. In stage 2, the pathogen can also be transmitted to humans, but it is not yet adapted for human-to-human transmission. In Stage 3, the pathogen is fully capable of human-to-human transmission.Ron Barrett, CC BY-SA
Epidemiologists call this situation viral chatter: when human infections occur only in small, sporadic outbreaks that appear like the chattering signals of coded radio communications – tiny bursts of unclear information that may add up to a very ominous message. In the case of viral chatter, the message would be a human pandemic.
Sporadic, individual cases of H5N1 among people suggest that human-to-human transmission may likely occur at some point. But even so, no one knows how long or how many steps it would take for this to happen.
Influenza viruses evolve rapidly. This is partly because two or more flu varieties can infect the same host simultaneously, allowing them to reshuffle their genetic material with one another to produce entirely new varieties.
Genetic reshuffling – aka antigenic shift – between a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza and a strain of human influenza could create a new strain that’s even more infectious among people.Eunsun Yoo/Biomolecules & Therapeutics, CC BY-NC
These reshuffling events are more likely to occur when there is a diverse range of host species. So it is particularly concerning that H5N1 is known to have infected at least 450 different animal species. It may not be long before the viral chatter gives way to larger human epidemics.
Reshaping the trajectory
The good news is that people can take basic measures to slow down the evolution of H5N1 and potentially reduce the lethality of avian influenza should it ever become a common human infection. But governments and businesses will need to act.
People can start by taking better care of food animals. The total weight of the world’s poultry is greater than all wild bird species combined. So it is not surprising that the geography of most H5N1 outbreaks track more closely with large-scale housing and international transfers of live poultry than with the nesting and migration patterns of wild aquatic birds. Reducing these agricultural practices could help curb the evolution and spread of H5N1.
Large-scale commercial transport of domesticated animals is associated with the evolution and spread of new influenza varieties.ben/Flickr, CC BY-SA
People can also take better care of themselves. At the individual level, most people can vaccinate against the common, seasonal influenza viruses that circulate every year. At first glance this practice may not seem connected to the emergence of avian influenza. But in addition to preventing seasonal illness, vaccination against common human varieties of the virus will reduce the odds of it mixing with avian varieties and giving them the traits they need for human-to-human transmission.
At the population level, societies can work together to improve nutrition and sanitation in the world’s poorest populations. History has shown that better nutrition increases overall resistance to new infections, and better sanitation reduces how much and how often people are exposed to new pathogens. And in today’s interconnected world, the disease problems of any society will eventually spread to every society.
For more than 10,000 years, human behaviors have shaped the evolutionary trajectories of infectious diseases. Knowing this, people can reshape these trajectories for the better.Ron Barrett, Professor of Anthropology, Macalester College
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Is Chipotle Closing All Its Restaurants After Filing for Bankruptcy? Here’s What We Know
Rumors of Chipotle filing for bankruptcy and closing locations stemmed from a misreported article about a spinoff restaurant. Chipotle confirmed these claims are false and plans to open 345 new restaurants, ensuring customers it remains open for business.
Recent rumors circulating on social media have left many Chipotle fans in a state of panic, with claims that the beloved restaurant chain is filing for bankruptcy and set to close all its locations. Let’s set the record straight and find out what’s really happening.
According to KTLA, the frenzy began when the Union Rayo media outlet published a story on March 20 about the closure of a Chipotle spinoff restaurant called Farmesa Fresh Eatery. Unfortunately, the article mistakenly included a photo of Chipotle, and this misinformation quickly spread like wildfire across social platforms.
Chipotle is famous for its generously-sized burritos, bowls, quesadillas, and tacos, proudly serving organic ingredients at nearly 4,000 locations worldwide. Unsurprisingly, the rumors sent burrito lovers into a frenzy. One social media user expressed disbelief, questioning, “How is Chipotle going bankrupt when I get a bowl with extra chicken and guac every day????”
Amidst the chaos, another user humorously suggested, “They’re talking about Chipotle closing, I’ll chain my wrist to the door don’t play with me,” highlighting the deep connection many have to the restaurant.
In response to the widespread concerns, Chipotle issued a statement to clarify the situation. A spokesperson for the chain told Good Morning America, “The claim that Chipotle is closing restaurants is false. The false information stemmed from an inaccurate online article confusing Chipotle with a venture it tested in 2023. The story has since been corrected.”
Furthermore, as a testament to their growth, Chipotle plans to open 345 new restaurants this year. This expansion clearly indicates that the chain is on solid ground and committed to serving its loyal customers for years to come.
So, if you were worried about your next burrito fix, rest easy! Chipotle is not closing its doors, and the rumors can safely be put to rest. Keep enjoying your favorite meals, and stay tuned for those new locations popping up soon!
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Dolores Raphael is a dedicated writer and blogger focused on health, fitness, and everyday living. She shares practical tips and inspiring insights to help others lead a balanced and vibrant lifestyle. one of her passions is Pickleball.
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Val Kilmer at Cannes in 2005. Image Credit: Georges Biard
LOS ANGELES (AP) — In a heartbreaking loss to the entertainment world, Val Kilmer, the intense and versatile actor known for iconic roles in films such as “Top Gun,” “Batman Forever,” and “The Doors,” has passed away at the age of 65. Kilmer died on Tuesday night in Los Angeles, surrounded by his family and friends, as confirmed by his daughter, Mercedes Kilmer, in an email to The Associated Press.
Kilmer’s death was attributed to pneumonia, following a long and courageous battle with throat cancer that he had been diagnosed with in 2014, a struggle that led to two tracheotomies.
Reflecting on his tumultuous yet inspiring journey, Kilmer shared in the documentary “Val” (2021), “I have behaved poorly. I have behaved bravely. I have behaved bizarrely to some. I deny none of this and have no regrets because I have lost and found parts of myself that I never knew existed. And I am blessed.” His words are a testament to his remarkable resilience, artistry, and unique perspective on life.
Val Kilmer
Kilmer was a prodigy in the performing arts, becoming the youngest actor ever admitted to the prestigious Juilliard School when he enrolled in 1981. His breakthrough came with the 1984 spy spoof “Top Secret!” and he quickly rose to fame with a series of successful films, including the beloved comedy “Real Genius” in 1985. He showcased his comedic talents in later works, such as “MacGruber” and “Kiss Kiss Bang Bang.”
The pinnacle of Kilmer’s career arguably occurred in the early 1990s, where he solidified his status as a leading man. Among his most memorable roles were Doc Holliday in “Tombstone” (1993), Elvis Presley in “True Romance,” and the cunning bank-robbing demolition expert in Michael Mann’s “Heat” (1995), alongside cinematic legends Al Pacino and Robert De Niro.
Despite the acclaim, Kilmer’s career was not without its challenges. A 1996 Entertainment Weekly cover story famously dubbed him “The Man Hollywood Loves to Hate,” citing conflicts with directors and a reputation for being difficult on set. Notable figures, including directors John Frankenheimer and Joel Schumacher, described his work as challenging; however, many others, like director D. J. Caruso, defended Kilmer’s commitment to depth and character immersion.
After delivering memorable performances in adult dramas, Kilmer took a slight detour, engaging in smaller films, such as David Mamet’s “Spartan,” and portraying the troubled 1970s adult film star John Holmes in “Wonderland” (2003). He also embraced the stage with a one-man show, “Citizen Twain,” where he explored the complex life of Mark Twain.
Hailing from the Chatsworth neighborhood of Los Angeles, Kilmer’s early life was marred by tragedy with the loss of his younger brother, Wesley, to a seizure — a poignant event that would forever resonate with him. Throughout his life, Kilmer sought inspiration from his brother, often reflecting on the artistic potential he believed Wesley would have achieved.
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As a multi-talented artist, Kilmer not only acted but also wrote poetry, with two published collections, including “My Edens After Burns.” In 2012, he received a Grammy nomination for his spoken word album, “The Mark of Zorro.” He continued to explore various creative outlets and was known for his dedication to visual art and his Christian Science faith.
His personal life saw relationships with notable personalities, including singer Cher, and he was previously married to actor Joanne Whalley, with whom he shares two children, Mercedes and Jack.
In a final testament to his remarkable life and career, Kilmer asserted, “I have no regrets. I’ve witnessed and experienced miracles.” Val Kilmer leaves behind a rich legacy, characterized by his complex characters and deep artistic contributions that will forever resonate with audiences. The film industry has lost a true icon, and his presence will be deeply missed.
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Ron Barrett, Professor of Anthropology, Macalester College
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
