Barry Markovsky, University of South Carolina

Most of us still call them UFOs – unidentified flying objects. NASA recently adopted the term “unidentified anomalous phenomena,” or UAP. Either way, every few years popular claims resurface that these things are not of our world, or that the U.S. government has some stored away.

I’m a sociologist who focuses on the interplay between individuals and groups, especially concerning shared beliefs and misconceptions. As for why UFOs and their alleged occupants enthrall the public, I’ve found that normal human perceptual and social processes explain UFO buzz as much as anything up in the sky.

Historical context

Like political scandals and high-waisted jeans, UFOs trend in and out of collective awareness but never fully disappear. Thirty years of polling find that 25%-50% of surveyed Americans believe at least some UFOs are alien spacecraft. Today in the U.S., over 100 million adults think our galactic neighbors pay us visits.

It wasn’t always so. Linking objects in the sky with visiting extraterrestrials has risen in popularity only in the past 75 years. Some of this is probably market-driven. Early UFO stories boosted newspaper and magazine sales, and today they are reliable clickbait online.

In 1980, a popular book called “The Roswell Incident” by Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore described an alleged flying saucer crash and government cover-up 33 years prior near Roswell, New Mexico. The only evidence ever to emerge from this story was a small string of downed weather balloons. Nevertheless, the book coincided with a resurgence of interest in UFOs. From there, a steady stream of UFO-themed TV shows, films, and pseudo-documentaries has fueled public interest. Perhaps inevitably, conspiracy theories about government cover-ups have risen in parallel.

Some UFO cases inevitably remain unresolved. But despite the growing interest, multiple investigations have found no evidence that UFOs are of extraterrestrial origin – other than the occasional meteor or misidentification of Venus.

But the U.S. Navy’s 2017 Gimbal video continues to appear in the media. It shows strange objects filmed by fighter jets, often interpreted as evidence of alien spacecraft. And in June 2023, an otherwise credible Air Force veteran and former intelligence officer made the stunning claim that the U.S. government is storing numerous downed alien spacecraft and their dead occupants. https://www.youtube.com/embed/2TumprpOwHY?wmode=transparent&start=0 UFO videos released by the U.S. Navy, often taken as evidence of alien spaceships.

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Human factors contributing to UFO beliefs

Only a small percentage of UFO believers are eyewitnesses. The rest base their opinions on eerie images and videos strewn across both social media and traditional mass media. There are astronomical and biological reasons to be skeptical of UFO claims. But less often discussed are the psychological and social factors that bring them to the popular forefront.

Many people would love to know whether or not we’re alone in the universe. But so far, the evidence on UFO origins is ambiguous at best. Being averse to ambiguity, people want answers. However, being highly motivated to find those answers can bias judgments. People are more likely to accept weak evidence or fall prey to optical illusions if they support preexisting beliefs.

For example, in the 2017 Navy video, the UFO appears as a cylindrical aircraft moving rapidly over the background, rotating and darting in a manner unlike any terrestrial machine. Science writer Mick West’s analysis challenged this interpretation using data displayed on the tracking screen and some basic geometry. He explained how the movements attributed to the blurry UFO are an illusion. They stem from the plane’s trajectory relative to the object, the quick adjustments of the belly-mounted camera, and misperceptions based on our tendency to assume cameras and backgrounds are stationary.

West found the UFO’s flight characteristics were more like a bird’s or a weather balloon’s than an acrobatic interstellar spacecraft. But the illusion is compelling, especially with the Navy’s still deeming the object unidentified.

West also addressed the former intelligence officer’s claim that the U.S. government possesses crashed UFOs and dead aliens. He emphasized caution, given the whistleblower’s only evidence was that people he trusted told him they’d seen the alien artifacts. West noted we’ve heard this sort of thing before, along with promises that the proof will soon be revealed. But it never comes.

Anyone, including pilots and intelligence officers, can be socially influenced to see things that aren’t there. Research shows that hearing from others who claim to have seen something extraordinary is enough to induce similar judgments. The effect is heightened when the influencers are numerous or higher in status. Even recognized experts aren’t immune from misjudging unfamiliar images obtained under unusual conditions.

Group factors contributing to UFO beliefs

“Pics or it didn’t happen” is a popular expression on social media. True to form, users are posting countless shaky images and videos of UFOs. Usually they’re nondescript lights in the sky captured on cellphone cameras. But they can go viral on social media and reach millions of users. With no higher authority or organization propelling the content, social scientists call this a bottom-up social diffusion process.

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In contrast, top-down diffusion occurs when information emanates from centralized agents or organizations. In the case of UFOs, sources have included social institutions like the military, individuals with large public platforms like U.S. senators, and major media outlets like CBS.

Amateur organizations also promote active personal involvement for many thousands of members, the Mutual UFO Network being among the oldest and largest. But as Sharon A. Hill points out in her book “Scientifical Americans,” these groups apply questionable standards, spread misinformation and garner little respect within mainstream scientific communities.

Top-down and bottom-up diffusion processes can combine into self-reinforcing loops. Mass media spreads UFO content and piques worldwide interest in UFOs. More people aim their cameras at the skies, creating more opportunities to capture and share odd-looking content. Poorly documented UFO pics and videos spread on social media, leading media outlets to grab and republish the most intriguing. Whistleblowers emerge periodically, fanning the flames with claims of secret evidence.

Despite the hoopla, nothing ever comes of it.

For a scientist familiar with the issues, skepticism that UFOs carry alien beings is wholly separate from the prospect of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. Scientists engaged in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence have a number of ongoing research projects designed to detect signs of extraterrestrial life. If intelligent life is out there, they’ll likely be the first to know.

As astronomer Carl Sagan wrote, “The universe is a pretty big place. If it’s just us, seems like an awful waste of space.”

Barry Markovsky, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of South Carolina

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/

In a remarkable demonstration of both the unpredictability of space and the extraordinary capabilities of modern astronomical detection, a small asteroid, designated 2024 UQ, recently made headlines after it struck Earth just hours after being identified. This event, which took place on October 22, 2024, marks the third “imminent impactor” recorded this year, highlighting the continual and often daunting reality of near-Earth objects (NEOs).

Discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Hawaii, a network of four telescopes dedicated to scanning the night sky for potential collision threats, 2024 UQ was small—measuring only about 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter. While news of an asteroid making contact with Earth can evoke concern, there was no cause for alarm in this instance. The diminutive size of the asteroid meant that it posed very little threat to anything on the ground. In fact, it burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean near California, leaving no trace or damage.

However, the swift timeline of events raises critical questions about the effectiveness of our current monitoring systems. The impact occurred just two hours after the initial detection, which meant that by the time data was transmitted to the impact monitoring systems operated by the European Space Agency’s Near-Earth Object Coordination Center, the impact had already taken place. According to their November 2024 newsletter, the ATLAS survey had successfully obtained images identifying the asteroid on a collision trajectory, but due to its position near the edge of two adjacent observational fields, it was not recognized as a significant threat until it was too late.

This incident serves as a reminder of the complexities involved in tracking and predicting the paths of NEOs. While advancements in technology have undoubtedly improved our ability to detect these celestial objects, the circumstances surrounding 2024 UQ showcase the potential for oversights in our monitoring capabilities. Despite this event being minor in scale, it emphasizes the importance of continued investment in space surveillance systems, as well as international collaboration in tracking potential hazards lurking in the vast expanse of space.

As we look forward, this close encounter reaffirms the need for vigilance in our exploration and observation of the cosmos. Each NEO presents an opportunity for learning and growth in our understanding of near-Earth dynamics. While 2024 UQ may have come and gone without incident, it certainly sparks curiosity about what lies ahead in our ongoing quest to safeguard our planet from the skies.

Reference Links:

Space.com: https://www.space.com/the-universe/asteroids/asteroid-that-hit-earth-hours-after-being-detected-was-3rd-imminent-impactor-of-2024

Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS): https://fallingstar.com/

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The Danger from Asteroid Impact: https://fallingstar.com/danger.php

The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/

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2025 Toyota 4Runner

For over four decades, the Toyota 4Runner has held a special place in the hearts of North American off-road enthusiasts. Its legendary status as a capable and rugged off-roader is undeniable. Now, with the all-new 2025 Toyota 4Runner, Toyota has raised the bar even higher, combining the vehicle’s iconic heritage with bold new looks, advanced technology, premium materials, and enhanced safety features. Let’s dive into the exciting details of this sixth-generation model and discover why it’s set to captivate adventure lovers yet again.

Built for the Toughest Terrains:
The 2025 Toyota 4Runner is built on Toyota’s tough TNGA-F global truck platform, which it shares with other iconic models like Tacoma, Land Cruiser, Tundra, and Sequoia. This platform boasts a high-strength boxed, steel-ladder frame, multi-link coil rear, and double-wishbone front suspension, providing unbeatable durability and enhanced ride comfort. With its powerful i-FORCE MAX powertrain, the new 4Runner can tow up to an impressive 6,000 pounds.

Evolving Legacy with a Bold New Look:
The design of the all-new 4Runner was spearheaded by the Michigan-based CALTY design team, who drew inspiration from the vehicle’s rich heritage and its association with the Baja desert racing scene. The result is a dynamic and athletic appearance, paying homage to the first and second generations of 4Runners. Design elements such as the legacy “wrap over” quarter glass and the iconic roll-down rear window have been brought back, adding a touch of nostalgia. Inside the cabin, the emphasis was on creating a functional and sophisticated space, with second-row tumble seats enhancing versatility and maximizing cargo floor usage.

Unleashing the Power:
The 2025 4Runner offers two powerful and efficient powertrain options. The i-FORCE engine, a turbocharged 2.4-liter four-cylinder, delivers an impressive 278 horsepower and 317 lb.-ft. of torque, paired with an eight-speed automatic transmission. Additionally, the i-FORCE MAX hybrid powertrain, available on select models, combines a turbocharged 2.4-liter engine with a 48-hp electric motor, creating a total system output of up to 326 horsepower and 465 lb.-ft. of torque – the most powerful powertrain ever offered on a 4Runner.

Unparalleled Off-Road Capability:
The 4Runner has always been synonymous with off-road capability, and the 2025 model takes it to new heights. The introduction of the Stabilizer Bar Disconnect Mechanism enhances suspension articulation, allowing the vehicle to flex while maintaining excellent traction. With up to 32-degree approach and 24-degree departure angles, the 4Runner is prepared to conquer any trail. The available Multi-Terrain Monitor system assists the driver by providing a view of potential hazards displayed on the center screen, further enhancing off-road safety.

An Array of Options:
Toyota expanded the grade offering for the 2025 4Runner to provide customers with more choices than ever before. Nine grades are available, including the new Trailhunter grade, designed specifically for overlanding enthusiasts who seek a turnkey solution for their adventures. The Trailhunter comes equipped with additional off-road enhancements, such as ARB’s Old Man Emu (OME) shocks and a co-designed ARB Roof Rack.

Advanced Technology for a Connected Experience:
The 2025 4Runner features Toyota’s latest technology, including an 8-inch or available 14-inch multimedia touchscreen display compatible with wireless Apple CarPlay® and Android Auto™. The inclusion of Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 as standard ensures that all 4Runner models are equipped with advanced safety features. Additional available features like Blind Spot Monitor, Rear Cross-Traffic Alert, and Road Sign Assist provide peace of mind on and off the road.

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Setting a Cleaner Path:
The 2025 4Runner embraces Toyota’s commitment to a carbon-neutral future, featuring a hybrid powertrain option. As part of the Beyond Zero Vision, Toyota is expanding its electrified vehicle lineup. The 4Runner, along with other Toyota models, including the Land Cruiser and Tacoma, contributes to the company’s aim of offering customers diverse options to reduce their carbon footprint.

The 2025 Toyota 4Runner is a testament to Toyota’s dedication to refining an already iconic and adventure-ready vehicle. With its bold new design, enhanced capability, advanced technology, and commitment to sustainability, the 4Runner continues to be a top choice for those seeking thrilling off-road experiences. Prepare to embark on bigger and bolder adventures with the all-new 2025 Toyota 4Runner.

About Toyota
For over 65 years, Toyota (NYSE:TM) has been an integral part of North American culture, dedicated to promoting sustainable mobility through our Toyota and Lexus brands and our extensive network of over 1,800 dealerships.

Toyota has a significant presence in North America, employing over 63,000 people who have played a vital role in designing, engineering, and assembling nearly 47 million cars and trucks. In the near future, Toyota will open its 14th manufacturing plant in North Carolina, which will produce batteries for electric vehicles. As of now, Toyota already offers 27 different options for electrified vehicles, making it the automaker with the most electric vehicles on the road.

For more information about Toyota, visit www.ToyotaNewsroom.com.

Source: Toyota

https://stmdailynews.com/category/consumer-corner/automotive/

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