The Bridge
Why so many South Korean women are refusing to date, marry or have kids
South Korean women are confronting severe sexism and rising digital sex crimes, prompting movements like 4B, where women reject relationships with men amid increasing gender hostility and resentment.
Min Joo Lee, Indiana University
South Korea finds itself embroiled in an all-out gender war – and it keeps getting worse.
The animosity between Korean men and women has reached a point where some women are outright refusing to date, marry and have kids with men – a phenomenon known as the 4B movement.
As a Korean feminist scholar living in the U.S., I’ve followed this gender war from afar as I conducted research on contemporary Korean gender politics.
However, I also became embroiled in it myself after my research on Korean masculinity was published by CNN.
The article described foreign women who traveled to Korea after becoming enamored of the idea of dating Korean men from watching Korean television dramas. I pointed out that since the tourists’ fantasies were based on fictional characters, some of them ended up disappointed with the Korean men they dated in real life.
The article was about racial politics and the masculine ideals. But some Korean readers thought that I was simply criticizing Korean men for not being romantic and handsome enough. One enraged Korean man commented that I was an “ugly feminist.”
But this was tame in comparison to what women living in South Korea have endured in recent years.
Extreme misogyny and a feminist backlash
Over the past couple of decades, there have been flash points in this gender war.
In 2010, Ilbe, a right-wing website that traffics in misogyny, started attracting users who peppered the forums with vulgar posts about women.
Then in 2015, an online extremist feminist group named Megalia arose. Its goal was to fight back by demeaning Korean men in ways that mirrored the rhetoric on sites like Ilbe.
A year later, a man who had professed his hatred of women murdered a random woman in a public bathroom near a Seoul subway station. He was eventually sentenced to decades in prison, but the lines were quickly drawn. On one side were feminists, who saw misogyny as the underlying motive. On the other side were men who claimed that it was merely the isolated actions of a mentally ill man. The two groups violently clashed during competing protests at the site of the murder.
A backdrop of digital sex crimes
However, none of these events have elicited as much public controversy as the steep rise in digital sex crimes. These are newer forms of sexual violence facilitated by technology: revenge porn; upskirting, which refers to surreptitiously snapping photos under women’s skirts in public; and the use of hidden cameras to film women having sex or undressing.
In 2018, there were 2,289 reported cases of digital sex crimes; in 2021, the number snowballed to 10,353.
In 2019, there were two major incidents that involved digital sex crimes.
In one, a number of male K-pop stars were indicted for filming and circulating videos of women in group chatrooms without their consent.
A few months later, Koreans were shocked to learn about what became known as the “Nth Room Incident,” during which hundreds of perpetrators – mostly men – committed digital sex crimes on dozens of women and minors.
They tended to target poorer women – sex workers, or women who wanted to make a few bucks by sharing anonymous nude photos of themselves. The perpetrators either hacked into their social media accounts or approached these women and offered them money, but asked for their personal information so they could transmit the funds. Once they obtained this information, they blackmailed the women by threatening to reveal their sex work and their nudes to their friends and family.
Since sex work and posting nude images of yourself online are illegal in Korea, the women, fearing arrest or being ostracized by friends and family, complied with the perpetrators’ demands to send even more compromising images of themselves. The men would then swap these images in chatrooms.
And yet a 2019 survey conducted by the Korean government found that large swaths of the population blamed women for these sex crimes: 52% said that they believed sexual violence occurs because women wear revealing clothes, while 37% thought if women experienced sexual assault while drunk, they are partly to blame for their victimization.
In other words, a significant percentage of the Korean population believes that female sexuality is the problem – not the sexual violence.
Government policy lays the groundwork
Digital sex crimes are too widespread to lay the blame at the feet of a handful of bad actors.
To me, part of the problem stems from the long history of “gendered citizenship.”
Korean feminist scholar Seungsook Moon has written about the ways in which the government created one track for men and another for women as the country sought to modernize in the second half of the 20th century:
“Men were mobilized for mandatory military service and then, as conscripts, utilized as workers and researchers in the industrializing economy. Women were consigned to lesser factory jobs, and their roles as members of the modern nation were defined largely in terms of biological reproduction and household management.”
Although these policies are no longer officially carried out, the underlying attitudes about gender roles remain embedded in Korean life and culture. Women who veer from being mothers and housewives expose themselves to public and private backlash.
The government has created gender quotas in certain industries to try to unravel this system of gendered citizenship.
For instance, some government jobs have minimum gender quotas for new hires, and the government encourages the private sector to implement similar policies. In historically male-dominant industries, such as construction, there are quotas for female hires, while in historically female-dominant industries, such as education, there are male quotas.
In some ways, this has only made things worse. Each gender feels as if the other is receiving special treatment due to these affirmative action policies. Resentment festers.
‘The generation that has given up’
Today, the sense of competition between young men and women is exacerbated by the soaring cost of living and rampant unemployment.
Called the “N-Po Generation,” which roughly translates as “the generation that has given up,” many young South Koreans don’t think they can achieve certain milestones that previous generations took for granted: marriage, having kids, finding a job, owning a home and even friendships.
Although all genders find themselves discouraged, the act of “giving up” has caused more problems for women. Men see women who forgo marriage and having kids as selfish. And when they then try to compete against men for jobs, some men become incensed.
Many of the men who have become radicalized commit digital sex crimes to take revenge on women who, in their view, have abandoned their duties.
Ultimately, the competitive dynamic created by the Korean government’s embrace of gendered citizenship has stoked the virulent gender war between Korean men and women, with digital sex crimes used as ammunition.
The 4B movement, whereby Korean women forego heterosexual dating, marriage, and childbirth, represents a radical escalation of the gender war by seeking to create an online and offline world devoid of men. Rather than engaging in altercations, these women are refusing to interact with men, period.
Digital sex crimes are a global problem
To be sure, digital sex crimes are not unique to Korea.
When I teach my college class on digital sex crimes in the U.S., I’m surprised by how many of my students admit that they’ve been victims of digital sex crimes, or knew of it happening at their high schools. And at the National Women’s Studies Association’s annual conference in 2022, I watched feminist activists and scholars from all over the world present their findings about digital sex crimes back home.
Since each country has its own cultural context for the rise in digital sex crimes, there isn’t a single solution to solve the problems. But in South Korea, continuing to unravel the system of gendered citizenship could be part of the solution.
Min Joo Lee, Postdoctoral Fellow, Indiana University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Great news for the residents of south-central Phoenix! As of November, 2024, Valley Metro has officially begun testing trains on the highly anticipated South Central Extension of the light rail. This new 5.5-mile route is set to enhance access to public transportation, connecting downtown Phoenix all the way to Baseline Road—bringing convenience and mobility to more neighborhoods than ever before!
Connecting Communities
The South Central Extension is more than just a transportation project; it’s a lifeline for connecting communities within Phoenix. By bridging the gap between downtown and southern areas of the city, Valley Metro aims to provide a seamless travel experience for commuters, students, and visitors alike. With access points along Washington and Jefferson streets, as well as 1st, 3rd, and Central avenues, this expansion is set to make daily commuting smoother and more efficient.
Safety First!
As trains start to roll out during this initial testing phase, safety remains a top priority. Valley Metro has issued important safety tips for both pedestrians and motorists to ensure everyone stays safe throughout the process:
- Follow Traffic Signals: Always obey traffic signals and make use of designated crosswalks when crossing streets near the light rail.
- Stay Alert: Listen for warning signals and train sounds. Light rail trains can approach quickly and quietly, so being attentive is crucial.
- Keep Off the Tracks: Remember, light rail trains are designed to be silent, making it easy to overlook them. Avoid standing on or near the tracks—stay safe and keep a respectful distance.
- Platform Access: Please refrain from entering the new station platforms during this testing phase as they are currently closed. Your safety and the safety of our testing crews is paramount.
Get Ready for 2025!
As testing ramps up towards the projected opening in mid-2025, excitement is building across the city. Whether you commute for work, school, or leisure, the South Central Extension promises to provide more accessible and efficient public transportation options. It’s a step forward in creating a more connected and vibrant Phoenix!
Stay tuned for updates from Valley Metro regarding the progress of the South Central Extension, and let’s celebrate the strides we’re taking towards a more connected, sustainable future. Phoenix, your public transport experience is about to get a whole lot better! 🚆✨
Related articles:
https://www.valleymetro.org/project/south-central-extension-downtown-hub
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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News
Valley Metro Seeks Artist for Commemorative Poster for South Central Extension/Downtown Hub Opening
PHOENIX — In an exciting initiative to celebrate the upcoming opening of the South Central Extension/Downtown Hub light rail project, Valley Metro is calling on local artists to showcase their creativity by designing a commemorative poster. This significant 5.5-mile extension will connect south Phoenix to the Valley’s ever-evolving light rail system, running from Central Avenue to Baseline Road, and is set to enhance public transportation accessibility for residents, expected to launch later this year.
The South Central Extension will add eight new stations and two park-and-ride facilities, making public transit a more viable option for thousands of commuters in metro Phoenix. Valley Metro hopes to highlight this development not only as a means of transportation but also as a bridge strengthening community ties. To achieve this vision, the public transportation authority is particularly interested in artwork that reflects the culture and heritage of south Central and downtown Phoenix.
Artists aged 18 and over can apply through the Articipant platform, a vibrant community dedicated to Arizona artists. It’s important to note that while artists can submit their applications on Articipant, they are not required to submit proposals at this stage. Interested artists have until 5 p.m. on January 24 to submit their applications, so time is of the essence!
The selected winning artwork is envisioned to encapsulate the spirit of the South Central Extension and its significance to the community it serves. Additionally, the project will feature public art installations throughout the new transit hub, further enriching the urban landscape of downtown Phoenix.
This is more than just a poster; it’s a chance for artists to contribute to a momentous occasion in Phoenix’s public transportation narrative. By centering local talent and community heritage, Valley Metro is creating a meaningful connection between art and accessibility—cementing the role of the light rail as a vital resource for the neighborhoods it serves.
Artists looking to apply must be at least 18 years old and a registered Articipant with Artlink Inc. Signing up to be an Articipant is free. With the support of Artlink Inc., artists should submit their applications through the Artlink website. Artists must submit their qualifications, not proposals. Applicants must also demonstrate a connection to the South Central and/or Downtown Phoenix communities. This call for artists closes at 11:59 p.m. on Wednesday, January 24, 2025.
For more information about this call for artists and the Valley Metro Artsline program visit valleymetro.org/artsline.
For more Valley Metro information, visit:
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
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Urbanism
A Blueprint for Better Bike Lanes: Revolutionizing Urban Mobility
The focus on urban bicycle infrastructure has grown, emphasizing community engagement and comprehensive design through resources like the updated Bike Lanes Design Guide, promoting safe, accessible streets for diverse cycling options across U.S. cities.
In recent years, the discussion surrounding urban infrastructure has shifted gears, with a notable focus on developing better bicycle lanes. According to Bloomberg, protected bike lanes have transitioned from a niche interest to a core component of urban design across numerous U.S. cities. At the forefront of this cycling renaissance is an updated traffic engineering guidebook from the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), inviting cities to think even bigger about bike infrastructure.
Listening to the Community: A Tailored Approach
One of the vital lessons drawn from the bike plan implemented in Oakland, California, highlights the importance of community involvement in creating effective bike infrastructure. Ryan Russo, head of the city’s transportation department, embarked on a journey in 2019 to develop a plan that not only connected the city’s bike enthusiasts but also engaged historically underserved neighborhoods. In areas like East Oakland, where many residents rely on cars or public transit, the vision of bike lanes was often marred by misconceptions: were they a sign of impending gentrification? Would they genuinely enhance residents’ ability to get around?
By actively listening to community concerns, Russo and his team recognized that merely installing bike lanes would not suffice. A holistic approach was essential—one that involved not only the addition of protected bike lanes on major roads but also improvements to road conditions, sidewalks, and overall accessibility to create a true network of safe streets. This meant incorporating elements such as speed bumps, roundabouts, and limited vehicle access zones, all aimed at fostering an environment where biking could thrive school-wide.
A Comprehensive Guide for Better Infrastructure
The newly released Urban Bikeway Design Guide stands as a testament to this comprehensive approach. Nearly double the length of its predecessor, the guide encapsulates a decade’s worth of innovation in bike infrastructure design. It introduces concepts like contra-flow bike lanes, protected intersections, and bus boarding islands—all designed to make cycling a viable transportation choice for people of all ages and abilities.
The guide serves as much more than a catalog of design options; it’s also a strategic framework that can help cities navigate the complexities of urban cycling infrastructure. By showing how bike lanes can enhance safety not just for cyclists but all street users, the guide positions bike infrastructure as a crucial element in mitigating traffic injuries and fatalities, aligning with broader public safety initiatives.
Building Public Trust and Support
Moreover, the guide provides essential political insights and outreach strategies to help advocates gain support for bike lanes from often skeptical communities. Rebranding initiatives, such as Oakland’s transition from “East Oakland Neighborhood Bike Routes” to “Calm East Oakland Streets,” signals a shift in priorities towards creating safe, slow-moving streets that cater to pedestrians and cyclists alike while also supporting local businesses.
Accommodating a New Era of Cycling
The guide also addresses the surge in diverse cycling options, including e-bikes, cargo bikes, and scooters. As cycling evolves, so too must our infrastructure. Wider lanes and street treatments tailored for these vehicles can help manage the interactions between different cyclist types and reduce friction among users, thus promoting a more inclusive cycling culture.
A Vision for the Future
Cities across the United States are already witnessing the fruits of these renewed efforts. From New York City adding over 600 miles of cycling infrastructure to breakthroughs in seemingly bike-unfriendly locales, the movement for safer, comprehensive biking networks is gathering momentum. As advocates like Janette Sadik-Khan emphasize, this is a unique opportunity for cities to redefine street design and take significant steps towards solving pressing issues like climate change and urban affordability.
Ultimately, the updated Urban Bikeway Design Guide does more than just provide a mechanical blueprint; it outlines a vision for the future of urban mobility—one that accommodates bikes and other forms of transit in a safe, integrated manner. By embracing these ideas, cities can create not just bike lanes, but beautiful, livable streets that foster community engagement, encourage sustainable transportation, and promote a healthier and happier populace.
In a world increasingly characterized by urban sprawl and traffic congestion, it’s time to embrace cycling as a fundamental piece of the transportation puzzle—one that connects communities and creates vibrant urban landscapes. Happy riding!
The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose by highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.
https://stmdailynews.com/the-bridge
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