Matt Kasson, West Virginia University

Curious Kids is a series for children of all ages. If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer, send it to curiouskidsus@theconversation.com.

Is a zombie apocalypse caused by fungi, like the Cordyceps from “The Last of Us,” something that could realistically happen? – Jupiter, age 15, Ithaca, New York

Zombies strike fear into our hearts – and if they’re persistent, eventually they get inside our heads. Animals taken over by zombies no longer control their own bodies or behaviors. Instead, they serve the interests of a master, whether it’s a virus, fungus or some other harmful agent.

The term “zombi” comes from Vodou, a religion that evolved in the Caribbean nation of Haiti. But the idea of armies of undead, brain-eating human zombies comes from movies, such as “Night of the Living Dead,” television shows like “The Walking Dead” and video games like Resident Evil.

Those all are fictional. Nature is where we can find real examples of zombification – one organism controlling another organism’s behavior.

I study fungi, a huge biological kingdom that includes molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms and zombifying fungi. Don’t worry – these “brain-eating organisms” tend to target insects.

The fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis infects and kills ants. Over time, they can diminish the local ant population.

Insect body snatchers

One of the most famous examples is the zombie ant fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, which is part of a larger group known as Cordyceps fungi. This fungus inspired the video game and HBO series “The Last of Us,” in which a widespread fungal infection turns people into zombie-like creatures and causes society to collapse.

In the real world, ants usually come into contact with this fungus when spores – pollen-size reproductive particles that the fungus makes – fall onto the ant from a tree or plant overhead. The spores penetrate the ant’s body without killing it.

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Once inside, the fungus spreads in the form of a yeast. The ant stops communicating with nestmates and staggers around aimlessly. Eventually it becomes hyperactive.

Finally, the fungus causes the ant to climb up a plant and lock onto a leaf or a stem with its jaws – a behavior called summiting. The fungus changes into a new phase and consumes the ant’s organs, including its brain. A stalk erupts from the dead insect’s head and produces spores, which fall onto healthy ants below, starting the cycle again.

Scientists have described countless species of Ophiocordyceps. Each one is tiny, with a very specialized lifestyle. Some live only in specific areas: for example, Ophiocordyceps salganeicola, a parasite of social cockroaches, is found only in Japan’s Ryukyu Islands. I expect that there are many more species around the world awaiting discovery.

The zombie cicada fungus, Massospora cicadina, has also received a lot of attention in recent years. It infects and controls periodical cicadas, which are cicadas that live underground and emerge briefly to mate on 13- or 17-year cycles.

The fungus keeps the cicadas energized and flying around, even as it consumes and replaces their rear ends and abdomens. This prolonged “active host” behavior is rare in fungi that invade insects. Massospora has family members that target flies, moths, millipedes and soldier beetles, but they cause their hosts to summit and die, like ants affected by Ophiocordyceps.

The real fungal threats

These diverse morbid partnerships – relationships that lead to death – were formed and refined over millions of years of evolutionary time. A fungus that specializes in infecting and controlling ants or cicadas would have to evolve vastly new tools over millions more years to be able to infect even another insect, even one that’s closely related, let alone a human.

In my research, I’ve collected and handled hundreds of living and dead zombie cicadas, as well as countless fungus-infected insects, spiders and millipedes. I’ve dissected hundreds of specimens and uncovered fascinating aspects of their biology. Despite this prolonged exposure, I still control my own behavior.

Some fungi do threaten human health. Examples include Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans, both of which can invade people’s lungs and cause serious pneumonia-like symptoms. Cryptococcus neoformans can spread outside the lungs into the central nervous system and cause symptoms such as neck stiffness, vomiting and sensitivity to light.

Invasive fungal diseases are on the rise worldwide. So are common fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot – a rash between your toes – and ringworm, a rash that despite its name is caused by a fungus.

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Fungi thrive in perpetually warm and wet environments. You can protect yourself against many of them by showering after you get sweaty or dirty and not sharing sports gear or towels with other people.

Not all fungi are scary, and even the alarming ones won’t turn you into the walking dead. The closest you’re likely to come to a zombifying fungus is through watching scary movies or playing video games.

If you’re lucky, you might find a zombie ant or fly in your own neighborhood. And if you think they’re cool, you could become a scientist like me and spend your life seeking them out.

Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.

And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

Matt Kasson, Associate Professor of Mycology and Plant Pathology, West Virginia University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/

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(Family Features) Sleep is a priority for holistic health, but many women aren’t getting enough of it. Not only does it affect your overall health, but stress-related sleep loss also makes it difficult to maintain focus and energy throughout the day.

Sleep Habits for Women

Nearly half (45%) of women ages 40-60 lose more than two hours of sleep each night due to spiraling thoughts with 10% reporting losing more than four hours of sleep, according to Natrol’s Sleep Spiral Survey, revealing challenges women in this age range face for achieving quality sleep.

“Busy women often struggle with sleep due to lingering stress and anxiety from managing work, family and personal responsibilities, which can lead to spiraling thoughts, keeping the mind active at night,” said Dr. Shelby Harris, a sleep expert and director of sleep at Sleepopolis.

According to survey participants, personal finances are the top sleep disruptor, with 50% of women citing concerns over money as the primary reason they can’t fall asleep most nights. Additionally, 45% of women cite anxiety about the future often keeping them from falling asleep.

Seasonal factors can also impact a good night’s rest. The holiday season is the most challenging time for sleep, with 51% of women experiencing increased late-night thoughts during this period.

Understanding the cause of your sleep disruption is an important step toward improving your sleeping habits, especially since 1 in 3 women have more difficulty sleeping now than they did one year ago.

Regain control of your sleep with these tips:

Set the scene for sleep. Harris recommends updating your sleep environment for better results.

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“Avoid bright light and limit screen time at least an hour before bed and focus on creating a cozy sleep environment that suits your needs for quality rest,” she said. “Choose comfortable bedding, set the room to a cool temperature and incorporate soothing sounds like a white noise machine or fan to set yourself up for a good night’s sleep.”

Establish a consistent bedtime routine. You can teach your body to anticipate bedtime and ease into better sleep. Begin preparing for bed at the same time each night and go through the same ritual. That might include grooming and self-care habits to help you wind down for the night.

Consider a sleep aid supplement. Many women (1 in 4) often simply give up trying to fall asleep when experiencing spiraling thoughts, with 89% at least occasionally giving up on sleep altogether and choosing to get out of bed. Melatonin supplements can help calm the mind before bed so you can fall asleep faster and stay asleep.^† Consider Natrol’s selection of drug-free Melatonin Gummies, which can help manage occasional sleep disruptions and support quality sleep.

Take steps to manage stress. Prioritizing stress relief can benefit your overall health along with helping you get better rest. Engaging in relaxing activities like reading, meditating or listening to music can be especially helpful in the evening to clear and soothe your mind before you head for bed.

Harris recommends talking with your doctor if you’ve tried various sleep hygiene strategies and find you’re still struggling to get restorative sleep.

“You can discuss whether a sleep aid such as melatonin is appropriate for you and align on the right amount and timing to address your sleep concerns,” she said.

Find more ideas to support better sleep health at Natrol.com.

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Photo courtesy of Shutterstock

SOURCE:
Natrol

Our Lifestyle section on STM Daily News is a hub of inspiration and practical information, offering a range of articles that touch on various aspects of daily life. From tips on family finances to guides for maintaining health and wellness, we strive to empower our readers with knowledge and resources to enhance their lifestyles. Whether you’re seeking outdoor activity ideas, fashion trends, or travel recommendations, our lifestyle section has got you covered. Visit us today at https://stmdailynews.com/category/lifestyle/ and embark on a journey of discovery and self-improvement.

(Family Features) If current trends continue, decades of gentle teasing and jokes about older adults’ confusion with technology may be on their way out. Not only do digital tools and technology help this generation stay connected to family and friends, but technology is also making it more practical for these individuals to remain independent and age in place.

Older Adults Digital Literacy

Assistive and health-related technology is also on the rise, according to a “U.S. News & World Report.” Tools like medical or health apps, wearable trackers, hearing devices and some smart home products make it easier and safer for older adults to age in place. 

Whether for social, practical or entertainment purposes, growing your confidence with technology and digital tools can be a slow, steady process that allows you to increase your comfort level while building a solid understanding.

Boost your digital literacy with these tips from the tech experts at Cox Communications:

Find resources that allow you to participate in digital literacy education. Many community groups offer classes geared toward older adults, and you can also find resources from internet providers. If you’re comfortable searching the internet, you can also find support groups and user-friendly guides online. 

Slow down.When it comes to digital literacy, the internet can be fast-moving, which can be overwhelming for older adults who are not used to the environment. The pace can also expose you to the risk of cybercrime. Approaching online activity in small bites may help you take in a manageable amount of information and process it before piling on more information. 

Research options. With so many technology devices and services available, it’s possible, and even advisable, to explore the various options before making a purchase or signing an agreement. Consider the features you need against your budget to make the best choice. For example, options like Cox Communications’ Connect Assist program can help you find fast, reliable and affordable internet plans to fit within your retirement budget.

Take breaks. Digital media can become addictive for older adults; with so much to see and learn, it’s easy to lose literally hours. That’s why it’s a good idea to take a balanced approach and limit the time you dedicate to your smartphones and computers each day. 

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Use digital media to improve connections.Social media and online groups can add social connectivity, but this digital interaction shouldn’t replace your personal relationships. Be sure to prioritize live social connections, and don’t use digital media in place of conventional in-person connections that can provide important benefits for your overall physical and mental health.

Stay informed about cybercrime. Because of their limited experience with technology, older adults are major targets of cybercrime. Stay informed about methods and tactics used by these criminals so you can protect yourself, your identity and your assets.

Use strong passwords. If your memory isn’t what it used to be, you may be tempted to repurpose your passwords so you don’t have to remember as many. Unfortunately, that approach may mean that if someone figures out how to access one account, they have access to many more. Create passwords that are a mix of letters, numbers and symbols and write them down in a safe place. Generally, it’s best to avoid using easily guessed information like birthdays and names of children.

Be cautious about what you read and share online. If something seems questionable, verify it with multiple sources before accepting it as true.

Explore more resources for older adults in this digital age at cox.com/digitalequity.

Photo courtesy of Shutterstock

SOURCE:
Cox Communications

Our Lifestyle section on STM Daily News is a hub of inspiration and practical information, offering a range of articles that touch on various aspects of daily life. From tips on family finances to guides for maintaining health and wellness, we strive to empower our readers with knowledge and resources to enhance their lifestyles. Whether you’re seeking outdoor activity ideas, fashion trends, or travel recommendations, our lifestyle section has got you covered. Visit us today at https://stmdailynews.com/category/lifestyle/ and embark on a journey of discovery and self-improvement.

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