The Watts district of Los Angeles is a historically significant neighborhood that has undergone many changes over the years. Known for its rich cultural heritage and landmarks, Watts is perhaps most infamous for the 1965 Watts Riots, which had a profound impact on the community and its development.
Early History and Development
Originally a rural area, Watts was home to farms and ranches. In the early 1900s, it began developing as a residential neighborhood. By the 1920s, Watts had transformed into a thriving community. A testament to its rich history, one of the most notable landmarks of the area is the Watts Towers. These are a series of 17 interconnected sculptures created by Italian immigrant Simon Rodia between 1921 and 1954. Made of steel, concrete, and mosaic tiles, the towers stand as a National Historic Landmark and a popular tourist attraction. The towering structures are symbolic of the creativity and perseverance that permeate the community.
Demographic Shifts and Social Tensions
The 1950s and 1960s were times of significant demographic changes for Watts. Many African American families moved into the area, significantly increasing the population. However, the growth came with challenges, as the community struggled with poverty, unemployment, and crime. Tensions between the police and residents steadily escalated, culminating in a tragic and historic event.
On August 11, 1965, a traffic stop in Watts led to a confrontation between police and residents. This incident ignited six days of rioting that resulted in 34 deaths, over 1,000 injuries, and millions of dollars in property damage. The riots had an enduring impact on the community, exposing systemic issues of marginalization and neglect by the broader Los Angeles area.
Post-Riot Rebirth and Resilience
In the years following the riots, Watts underwent significant changes aimed at rebuilding and revitalization. The community received funding for new housing developments, job training programs, and various social services. Efforts to restore and preserve the Watts Towers also began, and the structures became an emblem of the community’s resilience and adaptability.
Watts continued to evolve, further enriched by its cultural landmarks and the spirit of its people. The Watts Summer Festival, established in the aftermath of the riots, is one such example. It serves both as a commemoration of the community’s struggles and as a celebration of its enduring strength and unity.
Modern-Day Watts
Today, Watts stands as a symbol of transformation and resilience. While challenges still exist, efforts in community development, education, and arts continue to shape its future positively. The Watts Empowerment Center and various community organizations play vital roles in providing resources, opportunities, and a sense of hope for residents.
The legacy of the Watts district is a poignant reminder of the complexities and richness of American urban history. Its ongoing journey reflects the spirit and tenacity of a community that has faced great adversity and continues to strive towards a brighter future.
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Conclusion
From its beginnings as a rural expanse to its development into a vibrant community, Watts embodies the dynamic narrative of change and resilience. Its history is marked by notable landmarks like the Watts Towers and significant events such as the 1965 riots. The district’s story is one of rebirth and tenacity, continuing to evolve and inspire, ensuring that Watts remains a cornerstone of cultural and historical significance in Los Angeles.
Part of Watts Towers, a collection of structures and art in the low-income Watts section of Los Angeles, California…The towers themselves were built by Italian immigrant construction worker Sabato (“Sam” or “Simon”) Rodia in his spare time over a period of 33 years, from 1921 to 1954. ..The sculptures’ armatures are constructed from steel pipes and rods, wrapped with wire mesh and coated with mortar. The main supports are embedded with pieces of porcelain, tile, and glass. They are decorated with found objects, including bed frames, bottles, ceramic tiles, scrap metal and sea shells. Rodia called the towers Nuestro Pueblo (“our town” in Spanish). ..Rodia bent much of the Towers’ framework from scrap rebar, using nearby railroad tracks as a makeshift vise. Other items came from alongside the Pacific Electric Railway right of way between Watts and Wilmington. ..Rodia reportedly did not get along with his neighbors, some of whom allowed their children to vandalize his work. Rumors that the towers were antennae for communicating with enemy Japanese forces or contained buried treasure caused suspicion and further vandalism…In 1955, Rodia gave the property away and left, reportedly tired of the abuse he had received. He retired to Martinez, California and never came back. He died a decade later.
Today, the Watts district stands as a vibrant and diverse community, teeming with life and energy. Nestled in the heart of Los Angeles, this area showcases a rich tapestry of cultures, all contributing to its unique and dynamic character. Recent years have seen the district undergo significant redevelopment, ushering in a new era of growth and revitalization. New businesses, trendy restaurants, and innovative cultural institutions have taken root, breathing fresh life into the neighborhood. These developments signal not only economic growth but also a renewed sense of community pride and cohesion.
A symbol of this resilience and creativity is the iconic Watts Towers. These towering structures, built by Simon Rodia over a span of 33 years, remain a beloved landmark and a testament to the community’s spirit and ingenuity. They stand as both historical monuments and sources of inspiration, drawing visitors from around the world who come to marvel at their intricate designs and the story they represent.
Beyond its present-day vibrancy, the Watts district holds a storied past that is deeply woven into the fabric of Los Angeles’ history. Initially a rural area, it evolved into a thriving residential community. However, the district’s journey was not without its trials. The 1965 Watts Riots marked a turbulent chapter in its history, highlighting the profound social and economic inequalities faced by its residents. Despite this, the community’s resilience shone through as it worked tirelessly to rebuild and heal.
In conclusion, the Watts district of Los Angeles is a historically significant neighborhood that has witnessed profound changes over the years. From its origins as a rural enclave to its transformation into a bustling residential community and through the challenges of the 1965 riots, Watts boasts a rich and complex history. Today, it stands resilient and continues to evolve, embodying the strength and spirit of its residents who strive for a brighter future. The Watts district is not just a neighborhood; it is a testament to the enduring power of community and the ability to overcome adversity.
Rod: A creative force, blending words, images, and flavors. Blogger, writer, filmmaker, and photographer. Cooking enthusiast with a sci-fi vision. Passionate about his upcoming series and dedicated to TNC Network. Partnered with Rebecca Washington for a shared journey of love and art.
May the 4th Be With You: Celebrating Star Wars Day 2025
This year’s Star Wars Day celebrations promise excitement following the Japan celebration. Local events in Phoenix include themed displays, meetups, special screenings, and community engagement. The festivities will unite Star Wars fans globally through shared experiences and storytelling.
As a media producer and Star Wars enthusiast, I’m thrilled to share this year’s ultimate guide to Star Wars Day celebrations. Coming fresh off the heels of the groundbreaking Star Wars Celebration Japan, 2025’s May the 4th festivities are shaping up to be truly spectacular.
Breaking News from Japan: Last month’s Japan Celebration was a landmark event that set the tone for this year’s May the 4th celebrations. From the breathtaking Shogun Vader that dominated social media to the jaw-dropping announcement of Ryan Gosling joining the Star Wars universe in “Starfighter,” the convention proved that the Force is stronger than ever in 2025.
Local Phoenix Celebrations For our Phoenix community, several exciting events are happening:
Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport is joining the celebration with Star Wars-themed displays as part of its modernization project
Local fan groups are organizing meetups and costume contests
Community Engagement As someone who’s produced over 1,000 videos focusing on community storytelling, I can’t emphasize enough how Star Wars brings people together. This year’s celebration is particularly special as it bridges cultures, from the East to the West, just as we at STM Daily News strive to connect communities through our storytelling.
Share your Star Wars memories on social media using #MayThe4th2025
Create themed content for your social channels
Join online communities to discuss the latest reveals from Japan
Whether you’re a casual fan or a dedicated follower of the Force, May 4th, 2025, offers something for everyone. As we continue to see the franchise evolve and grow, it’s remarkable how Star Wars remains a powerful force in bringing communities together through storytelling.
Looking for an entertainment experience that transcends the ordinary? Look no further than STM Daily News Blog’s vibrant Entertainment section. Immerse yourself in the captivating world of indie films, streaming and podcasts, movie reviews, music, expos, venues, and theme and amusement parks. Discover hidden cinematic gems, binge-worthy series and addictive podcasts, gain insights into the latest releases with our movie reviews, explore the latest trends in music, dive into the vibrant atmosphere of expos, and embark on thrilling adventures in breathtaking venues and theme parks. Join us at STM Entertainment and let your entertainment journey begin! https://stmdailynews.com/category/entertainment/
And let your entertainment journey begin!
STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.
Students ask questions during a social studies class on American politics.
AP Photo/John MinchilloLightning Jay, Binghamton University, State University of New York
Can you tell fact from fiction online? In a digital world, few questions are more important or more challenging.
For years, some commentators have called for K-12 teachers to take on fake news, media literacy, or online misinformation by doubling downon critical thinking. This push for schools to do a better job preparing young people to differentiate between low- and high-quality information often focuses on social studies classes.
As an education researcher and former high school history teacher, I know that there’s both good and bad news about combating misinformation in the classroom. History class can cultivate critical thinking – but only if teachers and schools understand what critical thinking really means.
Not just a ‘skill’
First, the bad news.
When people demand that schools teach critical thinking, it’s not always clear what they mean. Some might consider critical thinking a trait or capacity that teachers can encourage, like creativity or grit. They could believe that critical thinking is a mindset: a habit of being curious, skeptical and reflective. Or they might be referring to specific skills – for instance, that students should learn a set of steps to take to assess information online.
Unfortunately, cognitive science research has shown that critical thinking is not an abstract quality or practice that can be developed on its own. Cognitive scientists see critical thinking as a specific kind of reasoning that involves problem-solving and making sound judgments. It can be learned, but it relies on specific content knowledge and does not necessarily transfer between fields.
Early studies on chess playersand physicists in the 1970s and ’80s helped show how the kind of flexible and reflective cognition often called critical thinking is really a product of expertise. Chess masters, for instance, do not start out with innate talent. In most cases, they gain expertise by hours of thoughtfully playing the game. This deliberate practice helps them recognize patterns and think in novel ways about chess. Chess masters’ critical thinking is a product of learning, not a precursor.
Nurman Alua of Kazakhstan, left, and Lee Alice of the U.S. during the 45th Chess Olympiad in Budapest, Hungary, on Sept. 22, 2024.AP Photo/Denes Erdos
Because critical thinking develops in specific contexts, it does not necessarily transfer to other types of problem-solving. For example, chess advocates might hope the game improves players’ intelligence, and studies do suggest learning chess may help elementary students with the kind of pattern recognition they need for early math lessons. However, research has found that being a great chess player does not make people better at other kinds of complex critical thinking.
Historical thinking
Since context is key to critical thinking, learning to analyze information about current events likely requires knowledge about politics and history, as well as practice at scrutinizing sources. Fortunately, that is what social studies classes are for.
Social studies researchers often describe this kind of critical thinking as “historical thinking”: a way to evaluate evidence about the past and assess its reliability. My own research has shown that high school students can make relatively quick progress on some of the surface features of historical thinking, such as learning to check a text’s date and author. But the deep questioning involved in true historical thinking is much harder to learn.
Social studies classrooms can also build what researchers call “civic online reasoning.” Fact-checking is complex work. It is not enough to tell young people that they should be wary online, or to trust sites that end in “.org” instead of “.com.” Rather than learning general principles about online media, civic online reasoning teaches students specific skills for evaluating information about politics and social issues.
Still, learning to think like a historian does not necessarily prepare someone to be a skeptical news consumer. Indeed, a recent study found that professional historians performed worse than professional fact-checkers at identifying online misinformation. The misinformation tasks the historians struggled with focused on issues such as bullying or the minimum wage – areas where they possessed little expertise.
Powerful knowledge
That’s where background knowledge comes in – and the good news is that social studies can build it. All literacy relies on what readers already know. For people wading through political information and news, knowledge about history and civics is like a key in the ignition for their analytical skills.
Readers without much historical knowledge may miss clues that something isn’t right – signs that they need to scrutinize the source more closely. Political misinformation often weaponizes historical falsehoods, such as the debunked and recalled Christian nationalist book claiming that Thomas Jefferson did not believe in a separation of church and state, or claims that the nadir of African American life came during Reconstruction, not slavery. Those claims are extreme, but politicians and policymakers repeat them.
For someone who knows basic facts about American history, those claims won’t sit right. Background knowledge will trigger their skepticism and kick critical thinking into gear.
A teacher in North Carolina conducts a lesson about the D-Day invasion of Normandy in an Advanced Placement class.AP Photo/Gerry Broome
Past, present, future
For this reason, the best approach to media literacy will come through teaching that fosters concrete skills alongside historical knowledge. In short, the new knowledge crisis points to the importance of the traditional social studies classroom.
But it’s a tenuous moment for history education. The Bush- and Obama-era emphasis on math and English testing resulted in decreased instructional time in history classes, particularly in elementary and middle schools. In one 2005 study, 27% of schools reported reducing social studies time in favor of subjects on state exams.
Now, history teachers are feeling heat from politically motivated culture wars over education that target teaching about racism and LGBTQ+ issues and that ban books from libraries and classrooms. Two-thirds of instructors say that they’ve limited classroom discussions about social and political topics.
Attempts to limit students’ knowledge about the past imperil their chances of being able to think critically about new information. These attacks are not just assaults on the history of the country; they are attempts to control its future.
Lightning Jay, Assistant Professor of Teaching, Learning and Educational Leadership, Binghamton University, State University of New York
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The European Space Agency’s astronaut cohort includes a parastronaut, as part of a feasibility project.
AP Photo/Francois MoriJesse Rhoades, University of North Dakota and Rebecca Rhoades, University of North Dakota
Humans will likely set foot on the Moon again in the coming decade. While many stories in this new chapter of lunar exploration will be reminiscent of the Apollo missions 50 years ago, others may look quite different.
For instance, the European Space Agency is currently working to make space travel more accessible for people of a wide range of backgrounds and abilities. In this new era, the first footprint on the Moon could possibly be made by a prosthetic limb.
NASA plans to return humans to the lunar surface in the coming decade.NASA Goddard
Historically, and even still today, astronauts selected to fly to space have had to fit a long list of physical requirements. However, many professionals in the field are beginning to acknowledge that these requirements stem from outdated assumptions.
Some research, including studies by our multidisciplinary team of aerospace and biomechanics researchers, has begun to explore the possibilities for people with physical disabilities to venture into space, visit the Moon and eventually travel to Mars.
Current research
NASA has previously funded and is currently funding research on restraints and mobility aids to help everyone, regardless of their ability, move around in the crew cabin.
Additionally, NASA has research programs to develop functional aids for individuals with disabilities in current U.S. spacecraft. A functional aid is any device that improves someone’s independence, mobility or daily living tasks by compensating for their physical limitations.
The European Space Agency, or ESA, launched its Parastronaut Feasibility Project in 2022 to assess ways to include individuals with disabilities in human spaceflight. A parastronaut is an astronaut with a physical disability who has been selected and trained to participate in space missions.
At the University of North Dakota, we conducted one of the first studies focused on parastronauts. This research examined how individuals with disabilities get into and get out of two current U.S. spacecraft designed to carry crew. The first was NASA’s Orion capsule, designed by Lockheed Martin, and the second was Boeing’s CST 100 Starliner.
Alongside our colleagues Pablo De León, Keith Crisman, Komal Mangle and Kavya Manyapu, we uncovered valuable insights into the accessibility challenges future parastronauts may face.
Our research indicated that individuals with physical disabilities are nearly as nimble in modern U.S. spacecraft as nondisabled individuals. This work focused on testing individuals who have experienced leg amputations. Now we are looking ahead to solutions that could benefit astronauts of all abilities.
Safety and inclusion
John McFall is the ESA’s first parastronaut. At the age of 19, Mcfall lost his right leg just above the knee from a motorcycle accident. Although McFall has not been assigned to a mission yet, he is the first person with a physical disability to be medically certified for an ISS mission.
John McFall stands by a mock-up of the SpaceX Dragon crew capsule.SpaceX, CC BY-NC-SA
Astronaut selection criteria currently prioritize peak physical fitness, with the goal of having multiple crew members who can do the same physical tasks. Integrating parastronauts into the crew has required balancing mission security and accessibility.
However, with advancements in technology, spacecraft design and assistive tools, inclusion no longer needs to come at the expense of safety. These technologies are still in their infancy, but research and efforts like the ESA’s program will help improve them.
Design and development of spacecraft can cost billions of dollars. Simple adaptations, such as adding handholds onto the walls in a spacecraft, can provide vital assistance. However, adding handles to existing spacecraft will be costly.
Functional aids that don’t alter the spacecraft itself – such as accessories carried by each astronaut – could be another way forward. For example, adding Velcro to certain spots in the spacecraft or on prosthetic limbs could improve a parastronaut’s traction and help them anchor to the spacecraft’s surfaces.
Engineers could design new prosthetics made for particular space environments, such as zero or partial gravity, or even tailored to specific spacecraft. This approach is kind of like designing specialized prosthetics for rock climbing, running or other sports.
Accessibility can help everyone
Future space exploration, particularly missions to the Moon and Mars that will take weeks, months and even years, may prompt new standards for astronaut fitness. During these long missions, astronauts could get injured, causing what can be considered incidental disability.
An astronaut with an incidental disability begins a mission without a recognized disability but acquires one from a mission mishap. An astronaut suffering a broken arm or a traumatic brain injury during a mission would have a persistent impairment.
On longer missions, astronauts may need to troubleshoot issues on their own.NASA
During long-duration missions, an astronaut crew will be too far away to receive outside medical help – they’ll have to deal with these issues on their own.
Considering disability during mission planning goes beyond inclusion. It makes the mission safer for all astronauts by preparing them for anything that could go wrong. Any astronaut could suffer an incidental disability during their journey.
Safety and inclusion in spaceflight don’t need to be at odds. Instead, agencies can reengineer systems and training processes to ensure that more people can safely participate in space missions. By addressing safety concerns through technology, innovative design and mission planning, the space industry can have inclusive and successful missions.Jesse Rhoades, Professor of Education, Heath & Behavior, University of North Dakota and Rebecca Rhoades, Researcher in Education, Health & Behavior, University of North Dakota
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The science section of our news blog STM Daily News provides readers with captivating and up-to-date information on the latest scientific discoveries, breakthroughs, and innovations across various fields. We offer engaging and accessible content, ensuring that readers with different levels of scientific knowledge can stay informed. Whether it’s exploring advancements in medicine, astronomy, technology, or environmental sciences, our science section strives to shed light on the intriguing world of scientific exploration and its profound impact on our daily lives. From thought-provoking articles to informative interviews with experts in the field, STM Daily News Science offers a harmonious blend of factual reporting, analysis, and exploration, making it a go-to source for science enthusiasts and curious minds alike. https://stmdailynews.com/category/science/
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