STM Blog

The ancient Irish get far too much credit for Halloween

Published

5 months ago

October 30, 2024

The Conversation

Lisa Bitel, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

This time of year, I often run across articles proclaiming Halloween a modern form of the pagan Irish holiday of Samhain – pronounced SAW-en. But as a historian of Ireland and its medieval literature, I can tell you: Samhain is Irish. Halloween isn’t.

The Irish often get credit – or blame – for the bonfires, pranksters, witches, jack-o’-lanterns and beggars who wander from house to house, threatening tricks and soliciting treats.

The first professional 19th-century folklorists were the ones who created a through line from Samhain to Halloween. Oxford University’s John Rhys and James Frazer of the University of Cambridge were keen to find the origins of their national cultures.

They observed lingering customs in rural areas of Britain and Ireland and searched medieval texts for evidence that these practices and beliefs had ancient pagan roots. They mixed stories of magic and paganism with harvest festivals and whispers of human sacrifice, and you can still find echoes of their outdated theories on websites.

But the Halloween we celebrate today has more to do with the English, a ninth-century pope and America’s obsession with consumerism.

A changing of the seasons

For two millennia, Samhain, the night of Oct. 31, has marked the turn from summer to winter on the Irish calendar. It was one of four seasonal signposts in agricultural and pastoral societies.

After Samhain, people brought the animals inside as refuge from the long, cold nights of winter. Imbolc, which is on Feb. 1, marked the beginning of the lambing season, followed by spring planting. Beltaine signaled the start of mating season for humans and beasts alike on May 1, and Lughnasadh kicked off the harvest on Aug. 1.

But whatever the ancient Irish did on Oct. 31 is lost to scholars because there’s almost no evidence of their pagan traditions except legends written by churchmen around 800 A.D., about 400 years after the Irish started turning Christian. Although they wrote about the adventures of their ancestors, churchmen could only imagine the pagan ways that had disappeared.

Bearded man wearing antlers holds a torch in front of a bonfire as other people look on. Irish — A neopagan celebration of Samhain in October 2021. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

An otherworld more utopian than terrifying

These stories about the pagan past told of Irish kings holding annual weeklong feasts, markets and games at Samhain. The day ended early in northwestern Europe, before 5 p.m., and winter nights were long. After sundown, people went inside to eat, drink and listen to storytellers.

The stories did not link Samhain with death and horror. But they did treat Samhain as a night of magic, when the otherworld – what, in Irish, was known as the “sí” – opened its portals to mortals. One tale, “The Adventure of Nera,” warned that if you went out on Samhain Eve, you might meet dead men or warriors from the sí, or you might unknowingly wander into the otherworld.

When Nera went out on a dare, he met a thirsty corpse in search of drink and unwittingly followed warriors through a portal into the otherworld. But instead of ghosts and terror, Nera found love. He ended up marrying a “ban sídh” – pronounced “BAN-shee” – an otherworldly woman. But here’s the medieval twist to the tale: He lived happily ever after in this otherworld with his family and farm.

The Irish otherworld was no hell, either. In medieval tales, it is a sunny place in perpetual spring. Everyone who lives there is beautiful, powerful, immortal and blond. They have good teeth. The rivers flow with mead and wine, and food appears on command. No sexual act is a sin. The houses sparkle with gems and precious metals. Even the horses are perfect.

Clampdown on pagan customs

The link between Oct. 31, ghosts and devils was really the pope’s fault.

In 834, Pope Gregory IV decreed Nov. 1 the day for celebrating all Christian saints. In English, the feast day became All Hallows Day. The night before – Oct. 31 – became known as All Hallows Eve.

Some modern interpretations insist that Pope Gregory created All Hallows Day to quell pagan celebrations of Samhain. But Gregory knew nothing of ancient Irish seasonal holidays. In reality, he probably did it because everyone celebrated All Saints on different days and, like other Popes, Gregory sought to consolidate and control the liturgical calendar.

In the later Middle Ages, All Hallows Eve emerged as a popular celebration of the saints. People went to church and prayed to the saints for favors and blessings. Afterward, they went home to feast. Then, on Nov. 2, they celebrated All Souls’ Day by praying for the souls of their lost loved ones, hoping that prayers would help their dead relatives out of purgatory and into heaven.

But in the 16th century, the Protestant rulers of Britain and Ireland quashed saints’ feast days, because praying to saints seemed idolatrous. Protestant ministers did their best to eliminate popular customs of the early November holidays, such as candle-lit processions and harvest bonfires.

In the minds of ministers, these customs smacked of heathenism.

A mishmash of traditions

Our Halloween of costumed beggars and leering jack-o’-lanterns descends from this mess of traditions, storytelling and antiquarianism.

Like our ancestors, we constantly remake our most important holidays to suit current culture.

Jack-o’-lanterns are neither ancient nor Irish. One of the earliest references is an 18th-century account of an eponymous Jack, who tricked the devil one too many times and was condemned to wander the world forever.

Supposedly, Jack, or whatever the hero was called, carved a turnip and stuck a candle in it as his lantern. But the custom of carving turnips in early November probably originated in England with celebrations of All Saints’ Day and another holiday, Guy Fawkes Day on Nov. 5, with its bonfires and fireworks, and it spread from there.

Black and white photo of a masked boy and girl holding fireworks. — Guy Fawkes Day, an annual celebration in Great Britain, features fireworks and bonfires and is observed on Nov. 5. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis via Getty Images

As for ancient bonfires, the Irish and Britons built them to celebrate Beltaine, but not Samhain – at least, not according to the medieval tales.

In 19th-century Ireland, All Hallows Eve was a time for communal suppers, games like bobbing for apples and celebrating the magic of courtship. For instance, girls tried to peel apples in one long peel; then they examined the peels to see what letters they resembled – the initials of their future husbands’ names. Boys crept out of the gathering, despite warnings, to make mischief, taking off farm gates or stealing cabbages and hurling them at the neighbors’ doors.

Halloween with an American sheen

Across the Atlantic, these customs first appeared in the mid-19th century, when the Irish, English and many other immigrant groups brought their holidays to the U.S.

In medieval Scotland, “guisers” were people who dressed in disguise and begged for “soul cakes” on All Souls Day. These guisers probably became the costumed children who threatened – and sometimes perpetrated – mischief unless given treats. Meanwhile, carved turnips became jack-o’-lanterns, since pumpkins were plentiful in North America – and easier to carve.

Like Christmas, Valentine’s Day and Easter, Halloween eventually became a feast of consumerism. Companies mass-produced costumes, paper decorations and packaged candy. People in Britain and Ireland blamed the Americans for the spread of modern Halloween and its customs. British schools even tried to quash the holiday in the 1990s because of its disorderly and demonic connotations.

The only real remnant of Samhain in Halloween is the date. Nowadays, no one expects to stumble into a romance in the sí. Only those drawn to the ancient Celtic past sense the numinous opening of the otherworld at Samhain.

But who’s to say which reality prevails when the portals swing open in the dark of Oct. 31?

Lisa Bitel, Dean’s Professor of Religion & Professor of History, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Our Lifestyle section on STM Daily News is a hub of inspiration and practical information, offering a range of articles that touch on various aspects of daily life. From tips on family finances to guides for maintaining health and wellness, we strive to empower our readers with knowledge and resources to enhance their lifestyles. Whether you’re seeking outdoor activity ideas, fashion trends, or travel recommendations, our lifestyle section has got you covered. Visit us today at https://stmdailynews.com/category/lifestyle/ and embark on a journey of discovery and self-improvement.

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Consumer Corner

Zelle Shuts Down Standalone App: Transitioning Users to Bank Platforms

Zelle’s standalone app ceased money transfers on April 1, 2025, requiring users to access the service via participating banks, enhancing security amid rising digital fraud.

Published

2 days ago

April 10, 2025

Rod Washington

On April 1, 2025, Zelle, one of the most widely used digital payment services in the United States, officially shut down the money transferring services available on its standalone mobile app. While the service itself is not disappearing, many users will need to adapt to a new way of accessing this popular tool for peer-to-peer payments.

Why It Matters

Zelle has established itself as a key player in the peer-to-peer payment market. It facilitates instantaneous transfers without fees between bank accounts, making it a foundational tool for consumers and small businesses alike. The change primarily affects those who previously used the Zelle app independently of their bank’s app or website. Users will now need to re-enroll with one of the 2,200 participating banks or credit unions that offer Zelle via their digital banking platforms.

What Is Happening to the App?

Though the standalone Zelle app has closed its money transfer services, users will still be able to access it. The app now provides a directory of the over 2,200 banks and credit unions that support Zelle. A recent press release indicates that the app will shift its focus to consumer education, particularly around scams and fraud prevention. According to an in-app alert accessed on April 4, users can continue to log into the app until August 11, 2025.

Why Is Zelle Shutting Down the App?

Zelle announced the decision to shut down its standalone app back in October 2024, noting that a significant majority of its users already access the service through their bank’s apps or websites. Since the announcement, the company has been phasing out enrollment and transaction capabilities within the standalone app. Late last year, Zelle communicated again via in-app alerts and emails, urging users to migrate to their bank or credit union’s platform to continue using the service.

In a statement regarding the shift, Zelle highlighted its remarkable growth, reporting that consumers and small businesses moved nearly half a trillion dollars on the platform in the first half of 2024, a 28% year-over-year increase. Initially launched in 2017 primarily for users whose financial institutions had not yet joined the network, Zelle has experienced widespread adoption across almost all major banks and credit unions.

Zelle’s decision may also be motivated by security concerns. With an uptick in fraud targeting digital payment apps, directing users through regulated financial institutions may afford them additional protection and oversight.

When Did the App Shut Down?

The standalone Zelle app ceased processing transactions on April 1, 2025. Users can no longer send or receive money via the app, and those who wish to continue using Zelle must re-enroll through a compatible bank or credit union’s mobile app or website.

How Will My Payments Be Affected?

Individuals who previously used the standalone Zelle app need to take action. They can no longer send or receive money via the app and must migrate to a bank or credit union that offers Zelle. Users who do not re-enroll through a partner institution should inform their senders accordingly.

To check if a specific bank supports Zelle, visit enroll.zellepay.com. Once logged into a bank’s mobile app or website, users can usually locate Zelle in the “Payments” or “Transfers” section. The transition may require users to verify their email address or phone number associated with their former Zelle account.

Fortunately, those using Zelle through their mobile banking app will not experience any changes and do not need to take further action.

How Many People Use Zelle?

As of June 2024, Zelle boasted 143 million consumer and small business accounts, with users executing money transfers 1.7 billion times in the previous year. The integration of Zelle into nearly all major U.S. banks indicates that it will likely retain its dominance in the digital payment space, despite the changes to its standalone application.

While the shutdown of Zelle’s standalone app marks a significant transition, the underlying service remains robust and widely utilized. By directing users to bank platforms, Zelle aims to enhance security and further solidify its position in the competitive landscape of digital payments. As users adapt to this change, Zelle continues to play a vital role in simplifying and securing money transfers across the country.

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Movie and television Reviews

Adam-12: The Groundbreaking Police Procedural That Set the Standard for Realism and Detail in TV Crime Dramas

Adam-12 is a classic American television police procedural crime drama series created by Robert A. Cinader and Jack Webb.

Published

5 days ago

April 8, 2025

Rod Washington

Adam-12 is a classic American television police procedural crime drama series created by Robert A. Cinader and Jack Webb. The show follows two Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers, Pete Malloy and Jim Reed, as they patrol the streets of Los Angeles in their police cruiser, designated as “1-Adam-12.” The series was produced in cooperation with the real department it was based on, the LAPD, and aimed to be realistic in its depiction of police procedures and jargon.

Martin Milner and Kent McCord starred as Pete Malloy and Jim Reed, respectively, in the iconic police drama Adam-12, which became a cultural touchstone of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The show also featured many recurring co-stars, with the most frequent being William Boyett and Gary Crosby, who added depth and intrigue to various episodes, portraying a wide range of characters that enriched the series’ narratives. Throughout its impressive run of seven seasons, from September 21, 1968, to May 20, 1975, Adam-12 aired a total of 174 episodes, captivating audiences with its realistic portrayal of police work, the challenges faced by officers, and the importance of community relations. The series not only entertained viewers but also aimed to educate the public about law enforcement practices, making it a significant part of television history.

What set Adam-12 apart from other Cop shows?

Adam-12 was a groundbreaking show that aimed to showcase the reality of police work, and it helped to introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States. The show’s attention to detail and realism made it an instant hit, and it quickly became a fan favorite. Through its authentic depiction of daily police activities and the challenges faced by officers, Adam-12 not only entertained viewers but also educated them about the complexities of law enforcement. The characters, portrayed with depth and nuance, resonated with audiences, making them invest in the lives and struggles of the officers. Additionally, the series tackled various social issues of the time, shedding light on the relationship between the police and the communities they served. Its pioneering approach to storytelling set a standard for future police dramas, solidifying its legacy in television history.

The show’s creators, Robert A. Cinader and Jack Webb, also created other popular shows, such as Dragnet and Emergency!. Like Adam-12, these shows were produced in cooperation with the real departments they were based on, and they aimed to be as realistic as possible in their depictions of police and emergency services.

Despite its age, Adam-12 still holds up today as a classic of the police procedural genre. The show’s attention to detail, realism, and strong performances by its cast make it a must-watch for fans of crime dramas and police procedurals.

Adam-12 is a classic American television series that helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States. The show’s realistic portrayal of police work and attention to detail makes it a fan favorite and a must-watch for fans of the police procedural genre.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam-12

https://stmdailynews.com/category/entertainment/

Author

Rod Washington

Rod: A creative force, blending words, images, and flavors. Blogger, writer, filmmaker, and photographer. Cooking enthusiast with a sci-fi vision. Passionate about his upcoming series and dedicated to TNC Network. Partnered with Rebecca Washington for a shared journey of love and art. View all posts

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Urbanism

The I-105 ExpressLanes Project: A Step Towards Safer and Smoother Travel

Published

5 days ago

April 8, 2025

Rod Washington

Los Angeles: Exciting developments are underway for Southern California drivers as the Metro initiates the I-105 ExpressLanes Project, aimed at easing traffic congestion and enhancing roadway safety. As one of the region’s major arteries, the I-105 has long been burdened by heavy traffic, and Metro’s innovative approach promises to transform the existing landscape for the better.

What’s Happening?

The I-105 ExpressLanes Project is set to convert the existing High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane, commonly known as the carpool lane, into not one, but two Metro ExpressLanes in each direction along the I-105. This enhancement is part of Phase 1 of the project, specifically Segment 1, which stretches between Sepulveda Boulevard and Central Avenue. This phase is anticipated to last approximately three years, during which significant improvements will be made.

As part of the construction process, crews will be actively engaged in demolishing and reconstructing several sound walls, as well as performing crucial roadway pavement construction along the corridor in Segment 1. These sound wall adjustments are needed to facilitate the necessary roadway upgrades and ensure a smoother driving experience.

Where Is All This Happening?

The primary work will take place along the existing sound wall area on Westbound I-105, specifically located between Domingues Channel and the Crenshaw Boulevard on-ramp. This location is critical, as it serves as a vital section of the highway that many rely on daily.

What Can You Expect During Construction?

Navigating through construction zones can sometimes be tricky, but here’s what you can expect during this project:

Access Points: Crews will enter the work area primarily from the freeway, meaning minimal disruptions to side streets.
Daytime Work Hours: Most of the construction activities will occur during daytime hours, making it easier for commuters to plan their travel. However, keep in mind that intermittent nighttime work may be necessary to perform certain activities safely, particularly those related to roadway pavement construction.
Landscape Restoration: Once the construction wraps up and improvements are complete, landscaping and any trees that have been removed will be restored, allowing the area to flourish once again.

Important Note on Scheduling

As with any large construction project, it’s crucial to understand that work activity is subject to change based on various factors, primarily weather conditions. Because construction can be dynamic, schedules may be adjusted according to the team’s assessments on-site.

In Conclusion

The I-105 ExpressLanes Project represents a forward-thinking solution to Southern California’s persistent traffic challenges. By converting the existing HOV lane into ExpressLanes, Metro is aiming not just to alleviate congestion, but to provide a safer and more efficient roadway experience for all. Keep an eye out for updates, stay informed, and plan your travel accordingly—we can look forward to a smoother ride on the I-105 in the years to come!