Chiquita says it has reached a major scientific milestone in banana innovation: the completion of the Yelloway banana pan-genome—an advanced genetic “map” designed to help researchers and breeders develop banana varieties that can better withstand disease and adapt to climate pressures.

Announced Feb. 10, 2026, the breakthrough is positioned as a foundational tool for the global banana industry at a moment when two major threats—Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Black Sigatoka—continue to strain growers and supply chains worldwide.

What the “banana pan-genome” actually means

In simple terms, a pan-genome goes beyond a single reference genome. Instead of looking at one “standard” genetic blueprint, it captures a broader range of naturally occurring genetic variation across bananas. Chiquita says this wider view allows for more precise research, supports biodiversity preservation, and strengthens long-term breeding programs.

The pan-genome focuses on Musa acuminata, the species behind widely known banana varieties such as Gros Michel and Cavendish—names that matter because they represent the kinds of bananas consumers recognize and buy every day.

Yelloway: the partnership behind the research

The pan-genome was developed through Yelloway B.V., an innovation joint venture between Chiquita and agricultural technology company KeyGene. According to the announcement, Yelloway was created to unlock banana genetic diversity and advance classical breeding using advanced genomic tools.

Chiquita said the pan-genome was developed using Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology, and that the effort included collaboration across the banana value chain. One notable partner: Innocent Drinks, which provided match funding through its Farmer Innovation Fund.

Why this matters now: TR4 and Black Sigatoka

The timing is not accidental. TR4—often described as one of the most serious disease threats to bananas—continues to spread globally. Meanwhile, Black Sigatoka is driving more than $100 million in annual protective costs, according to the release.

Chiquita’s message is clear: if breeders can identify resilient genetic traits faster and with more accuracy, the industry can move from broad genetic exploration to targeted breeding decisions—potentially accelerating the development of bananas that are more disease-resistant, more climate-resilient, and still aligned with what consumers expect from the fruit aisle.

Researchers compare it to upgrading from highways to GPS

Professor Gert Kema, a Yelloway board member and emeritus professor of phytopathology at Wageningen University, described the pan-genome as a high-resolution guide to banana genetics.

He compared earlier genetic tools to driving “mainly on highways,” enough to reach major destinations—but not enough to navigate the full landscape. The pan-genome, he said, provides the “GPS coordinates” needed to explore the entire genomic terrain in detail.

Fernando Garcia-Bastidas, Head of the Yelloway Banana Breeding Program, emphasized the practical impact: the pan-genome helps researchers analyze, select, and deploy the most relevant genetic material—speeding up the development of improved banana varieties resistant to major threats like TR4 and Black Sigatoka.

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Chiquita Sustainability Director Peter Stedman added that the work is meant to extend beyond one company, pointing to collaboration across the supply chain as a key driver of progress.

Spotlight at Fruit Logistica in Berlin

Chiquita also shared insights from the project at Fruit Logistica in Berlin, where Stedman participated in the event’s Sustainability Panel. The company highlighted science-based innovation and cross-industry collaboration as essential for building a more resilient banana supply chain.

Opening access to researchers

In a move aimed at broader industry impact, Yelloway plans to provide academic researchers access to the banana pan-genome through a dedicated web portal—supporting continued collaboration and advancement in banana research and breeding.

What to Watch For

• Research access: When Yelloway’s web portal goes live and how widely academic teams use the pan-genome.
• Breeding timeline: Early signals on how quickly the tool translates into new varieties with stronger resistance to TR4 and Black Sigatoka.
• Field performance: Whether future banana candidates hold up in real-world growing conditions while maintaining taste, texture, and shelf-life.
• Supply chain collaboration: More cross-industry funding and partnerships (like Innocent Drinks’ Farmer Innovation Fund support) that speed adoption.
• Cost impact: Any reduction over time in the high annual protective costs tied to Black Sigatoka management.

About Chiquita

Chiquita is a global produce company operating across nearly 70 countries and has produced bananas for more than 150 years. The company says its sustainability work is guided by its “Behind the Blue Sticker” initiative, and it recently received recognition including being named one of America’s Most Loved Brands by Newsweek and a 2025 Good Housekeeping Snack Award winner.

For the banana industry—and for consumers who rely on the Cavendish as a grocery-store staple—the completion of the Yelloway banana pan-genome signals a push toward a more resilient future, where science and collaboration could help keep bananas on shelves despite escalating disease and climate challenges.

Source: Chiquita Brands International, Inc. (PRNewswire), Feb. 10, 2026

If you want, I can also format this for STM Daily News with: 5 SEO headline options, a meta description, suggested tags, and a short “What to Watch For” box for the end of the post.

Related Links (Further Information)

• PRNewswire (Press Release Distribution) – The distribution platform where Chiquita’s announcement was published.
• Chiquita Brands International – Company background, sustainability initiatives, and brand updates.
• KeyGene – The plant breeding and genomics partner in the Yelloway innovation joint venture.
• Oxford Nanopore Technologies – Information on the sequencing technology referenced in the announcement.
• Fruit Logistica (Berlin) – Event details and sustainability programming referenced in the release.

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What Are Comfort Foods—and Why Do We Crave Them?

What Defines Comfort Food?

• Familiar and nostalgic – Foods tied to childhood or family traditions
• Warm and filling – Soups, casseroles, stews, and baked dishes
• Emotionally satisfying – Comforting beyond physical hunger
• Rich in carbohydrates or fats – Which can influence mood-regulating chemicals in the brain

The Science Behind Comfort Foods

Comfort Foods Are Cultural

• United States: Mac and cheese, meatloaf, mashed potatoes
• Mexico: Tamales, pozole
• Italy: Pasta, lasagna
• Japan: Ramen, curry rice
• India: Dal with rice

Why We Turn to Comfort Foods

• Stress or anxiety
• Illness or fatigue
• Homesickness
• Major life changes
• Celebrations and family gatherings

More Than a Meal

Related Reading

• Why We Crave Comfort Foods – Smithsonian Magazine
• Why Comfort Foods Comfort – Psychology Today
• Why Comfort Foods Make Us Feel Better – Harvard Health
• Comfort Food and Cultural Identity – National Geographic
• The Science Behind Comfort Foods – BBC Future

Last Updated on December 22, 2025 by Daily News Staff

How pecans went from ignored trees to a holiday staple – the 8,000-year history of America’s only native major nut crop

Shelley Mitchell, Oklahoma State University Pecans have a storied history in the United States. Today, American trees produce hundreds of million of pounds of pecans – 80% of the world’s pecan crop. Most of that crop stays here. Pecans are used to produce pecan milk, butter and oil, but many of the nuts end up in pecan pies. Throughout history, pecans have been overlooked, poached, cultivated and improved. As they have spread throughout the United States, they have been eaten raw and in recipes. Pecans have grown more popular over the decades, and you will probably encounter them in some form this holiday season. I’m an extension specialist in Oklahoma, a state consistently ranked fifth in pecan production, behind Georgia, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. I’ll admit that I am not a fan of the taste of pecans, which leaves more for the squirrels, crows and enthusiastic pecan lovers.

The spread of pecans

The pecan is a nut related to the hickory. Actually, though we call them nuts, pecans are actually a type of fruit called a drupe. Drupes have pits, like the peach and cherry.

The pecan nuts that look like little brown footballs are actually the seed that starts inside the pecan fruit – until the fruit ripens and splits open to release the pecan. They are usually the size of your thumb, and you may need a nutcracker to open them. You can eat them raw or as part of a cooked dish. The pecan derives its name from the Algonquin “pakani,” which means “a nut too hard to crack by hand.” Rich in fat and easy to transport, pecans traveled with Native Americans throughout what is now the southern United States. They were used for food, medicine and trade as early as 8,000 years ago.

Pecans are native to the southern United States, and while they had previously spread along travel and trade routes, the first documented purposeful planting of a pecan tree was in New York in 1722. Three years later, George Washington’s estate, Mount Vernon, had some planted pecans. Washington loved pecans, and Revolutionary War soldiers said he was constantly eating them. Meanwhile, no one needed to plant pecans in the South, since they naturally grew along riverbanks and in groves. Pecan trees are alternate bearing: They will have a very large crop one year, followed by one or two very small crops. But because they naturally produced a harvest with no input from farmers, people did not need to actively cultivate them. Locals would harvest nuts for themselves but otherwise ignored the self-sufficient trees. It wasn’t until the late 1800s that people in the pecan’s native range realized the pecan’s potential worth for income and trade. Harvesting pecans became competitive, and young boys would climb onto precarious tree branches. One girl was lifted by a hot air balloon so she could beat on the upper branches of trees and let them fall to collectors below. Pecan poaching was a problem in natural groves on private property.

Pecan cultivation begins

Even with so obvious a demand, cultivated orchards in the South were still rare into the 1900s. Pecan trees don’t produce nuts for several years after planting, so their future quality is unknown.

To guarantee quality nuts, farmers began using a technique called grafting; they’d join branches from quality trees to another pecan tree’s trunk. The first attempt at grafting pecans was in 1822, but the attempts weren’t very successful. Grafting pecans became popular after an enslaved man named Antoine who lived on a Louisiana plantation successfully produced large pecans with tender shells by grafting, around 1846. His pecans became the first widely available improved pecan variety.

The variety was named Centennial because it was introduced to the public 30 years later at the Philadelphia Centennial Expedition in 1876, alongside the telephone, Heinz ketchup and the right arm of the Statue of Liberty. This technique also sped up the production process. To keep pecan quality up and produce consistent annual harvests, today’s pecan growers shake the trees while the nuts are still growing, until about half of the pecans fall off. This reduces the number of nuts so that the tree can put more energy into fewer pecans, which leads to better quality. Shaking also evens out the yield, so that the alternate-bearing characteristic doesn’t create a boom-bust cycle.

US pecan consumption

The French brought praline dessert with them when they immigrated to Louisiana in the early 1700s. A praline is a flat, creamy candy made with nuts, sugar, butter and cream. Their original recipe used almonds, but at the time, the only nut available in America was the pecan, so pecan pralines were born.

During the Civil War and world wars, Americans consumed pecans in large quantities because they were a protein-packed alternative when meat was expensive and scarce. One cup of pecan halves has about 9 grams of protein. After the wars, pecan demand declined, resulting in millions of excess pounds at harvest. One effort to increase demand was a national pecan recipe contest in 1924. Over 21,000 submissions came from over 5,000 cooks, with 800 of them published in a book. Pecan consumption went up with the inclusion of pecans in commercially prepared foods and the start of the mail-order industry in the 1870s, as pecans can be shipped and stored at room temperature. That characteristic also put them on some Apollo missions. Small amounts of pecans contain many vitamins and minerals. They became commonplace in cereals, which touted their health benefits. In 1938, the federal government published the pamphlet Nuts and How to Use Them, which touted pecans’ nutritional value and came with recipes. Food writers suggested using pecans as shortening because they are composed mostly of fat. The government even put a price ceiling on pecans to encourage consumption, but consumers weren’t buying them. The government ended up buying the surplus pecans and integrating them into the National School Lunch Program.

While you are sitting around the Thanksgiving table this year, you can discuss one of the biggest controversies in the pecan industry: Are they PEE-cans or puh-KAHNS? Editor’s note: This article was updated to include the amount of protein in a cup of pecans. Shelley Mitchell, Senior Extension Specialist in Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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