Urbanism

The hidden history of Philadelphia’s window-box gardens and their role in urban reform

Published

4 weeks ago

May 28, 2025

The Conversation

urban — Window-box gardening has been a Philly tradition since the 1800s. Sonja Dümpelmann, CC BY-SA

Sonja Dümpelmann, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich It’s that time of year when Philadelphia row home owners with a green thumb fastidiously attend to their window boxes – selecting new plants to design an artful blend of colors, shapes and textures. Sonja Dümpelmann is a historian of landscapes and the built environment who lived in Philly from 2019 to 2023. During this time, she researched how female reformers and activists in Philadelphia in the 19th and 20th centuries tended to window-box gardens both for charity and to spur urban renewal in rundown neighborhoods. Dümpelmann recently published an article on this history in the architectural journal Buildings & Landscapes. She spoke with The Conversation U.S. about what she learned.

A mix of plants and flowers in a window box outside elegant brick rowhouse — Some homeowners change out their plants throughout the year. Sonja Dümpelmann, CC BY-SA

How did you become interested in window boxes?

When I first moved to Philadelphia from Cambridge, Massachusetts, in August 2019, I was immediately struck by the window boxes. The lushness and freshness of the plants in many of the boxes, and sometimes in sidewalk planters, made walking more pleasant and interesting. This was especially the case in the hot summer months when I would often see plants from subtropical and tropical climates in the Rittenhouse Square, Fitler Square and Graduate Hospital neighborhoods. I noticed that there were three categories of window boxes. Many were visibly cared for, often freshly planted and decorated several times a year in accordance with the changing seasons. Some were derelict and had spontaneous growth of saplings and different grasses. And a third category were boxes outfitted with plastic plants, perhaps signaling absentee owners or landlords who seek to simulate care.

What makes them landscape architecture?

Window boxes – especially the planted boxes, but also painted boxes that are empty – change outdoor space and building exteriors. They make them more colorful and interesting, and they break up plain vertical walls by protruding from the facade. You could say that the window boxes “greet” passersby. They connect private indoor space with the public realm of the street. As one early window-box promoter observed in 1903, “The man in the street gets as much enjoyment out of them as its owner.” “Gardens in a box,” as they were also referred to by early promoters, can make homes and entire neighborhoods look and feel different. They forge distinct identities with their plant selection and the style and color of the boxes.

Lush window box garden beneath black-shuttered windows on brick house — Window gardens are a way to greet passersby on the street. Sonja Dümpelmann, CC BY-SA

How did window gardening begin?

Window gardening became popular in Victorian England and continental Europe in the 19th century. It began as an indoor activity and was practiced especially by women, but it soon also moved outdoors. There it became part of what American women in the late 19th century called “municipal housekeeping.” It extended their conventional female roles as housekeepers and mothers into the larger “household” of the community. Window gardening became a means of female social reform during the Progressive Era. During this period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when industries and cities were growing fast, women sought to improve education, public health and living conditions, especially for poor and immigrant communities. By offering plants, flowers and entire window boxes, the women supported homemakers of lesser means. However, these boxes were also a way to make sure that order in and outside of homes was maintained. Window gardens became cultural symbols of cleanliness and good housekeeping. Furthermore, reformers considered window gardening as a practice that could help immigrants assimilate into American society.

When did they become political?

In Philadelphia there were two big window-gardening movements. The first occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and I describe it as window-box charity. The second, which I call window-box activism, began in the 1950s. Window-box charity was carried out primarily by white philanthropists and social workers who would distribute plants and goods sent from outside the city to the urban poor and sick, especially immigrants and Black Americans. Sometimes the window boxes were ready to be installed outside the windows. Other times recipients built and planted boxes themselves.

Students and adults shown working on window garden boxes on a block of two-story brick row homes — The Neighborhood Garden Association, the organization that pioneered window-box activism, at work near the now-closed Alexander Wilson School in West Philadelphia in 1955. Courtesy of the McLean Library and Archives, Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Several decades later, in the mid-20th-century, plants became a vehicle for white suburban garden club ladies and Black inner-city residents to counter urban decay resulting from racism and public disinvestment. On annual planting days, the garden club ladies brought plants into the city and joined residents in planting and installing window boxes to brighten up their neighborhood blocks. Plants were key in both window-box charity and window-box activism. People came together to care for plants, creating friendships among neighbors and ties between low-income and wealthy neighborhoods. The women used plants and window boxes to protect private space and increase the safety of public space. In the 1960s, the Philadelphia police reported less crime on streets with window boxes. Of course, window boxes and plants alone could not solve larger urban social problems such as poor housing conditions and racial discrimination. So while they could be catalysts of neighborhood change, they also helped to camouflage and quite literally naturalize larger social problems that required political responses.

Are they still linked to urban renewal?

Like a smaller version of public parks, community gardens and street trees, window gardens can contribute to green gentrification. This occurs when the construction of parks or the planting of trees contributes to an increase in property values that leads to the displacement of long-term residents in low-income neighborhoods. Window gardening did help save some of Philly’s old row house neighborhoods from demolition during urban renewal beginning in the 1950s. However, quite a few of these neighborhoods – such as Washington Square West and Graduate Hospital – have since been gentrified, and families who once window gardened to turn their neighborhoods into more beautiful and safer places could no longer afford to live there. The 20th century window-box activism drew the attention of sociologists and other national and international observers, especially because it brought white and Black residents together during the tensions of the Civil Rights Movement. It also raised public awareness about unequal access to urban green spaces.

A street view of brick row homes with well-maintained window garden boxes — Window boxes on Delancey Street in Philadelphia. Photo by R. Kennedy for Visit Philadelphia, CC BY-SA

Yet despite the movement’s good intentions and positive effects, racial segregation remains a persistent problem in Philadelphia. In gentrified parts of Center City today, new and restored row houses often include fixtures and built-in irrigation pipes for window boxes. Many owners outsource window-box planting and maintenance to paid service providers. But for lower-income residents, the costs in both time and money to install and maintain window gardens can be prohibitive. Sonja Dümpelmann, Professor of Environmental Humanities, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Discover more from Daily News

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Urbanism

California High-Speed Rail Fights Back: CHSRA’s Forceful Response to Federal Defunding Threat

“California fights back as feds threaten to pull $4B from high-speed rail. CHSRA calls termination ‘unjustified’ in heated battle.”

Published

6 days ago

June 16, 2025

Rod Washington, Railfan Rod

Image Credit: CHSRA

June 14, 2025

The California High-Speed Rail project finds itself at a critical crossroads as the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) moves to terminate $4 billion in federal funding agreements. In what has become a high-stakes political and infrastructure battle, the California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA) has issued a forceful rebuttal, calling the proposed termination “unwarranted and unjustified.”

The Federal Challenge

On June 4, 2025, Transportation Secretary Sean P. Duffy released a damning 310-page report concluding that California’s high-speed rail project has no viable path forward. The FRA’s assessment cites several critical issues:

$7 billion funding gap that the Authority allegedly lacks a credible plan to close
Missed 2024 procurement deadline for train purchases
Significant cost overruns and project delays
Default on federal grant terms according to the federal review

The report represents the Trump administration’s latest effort to halt what critics have long called a “boondoggle,” with the federal government threatening to pull the plug on agreements that have been in place since 2009.

CHSRA’s Counterattack

CHSRA CEO Ian Choudri didn’t mince words in his June 12 response, delivering what industry observers are calling one of the most comprehensive rebuttals in the project’s controversial history. The Authority’s 14-page response systematically challenges the FRA’s conclusions on multiple fronts.

Key Points in CHSRA’s Defense:

Misrepresentation of Inspector General Report: The Authority argues that the FRA has fundamentally mischaracterized findings from a 2025 Office of the Inspector General report, using selective interpretations to support predetermined conclusions.

Historical Context Matters: CHSRA emphasizes that “information that the FRA had when it chose to enter into cooperative agreements (in 2009) cannot now be a basis for termination.” The Authority contends that the federal government was fully aware of project challenges from the beginning.

Progress Despite Challenges: The response highlights ongoing construction progress and argues that the project continues to meet essential milestones, despite the complex nature of building America’s first true high-speed rail system.

The Broader Implications

This confrontation extends far beyond California’s borders. The outcome could determine the future of high-speed rail development across the United States and signal whether ambitious infrastructure projects can survive changing political administrations.

What’s at Stake:

$4 billion in federal funding that could be redirected to other transportation projects
Thousands of construction jobs currently supporting the Central Valley construction
America’s high-speed rail ambitions and competitiveness with global transportation leaders
State-federal partnership models for major infrastructure investments

Construction Continues Amid Uncertainty

Despite the federal threats, construction work continues in California’s Central Valley. The Spring 2025 construction update shows ongoing progress on viaducts, stations, and rail infrastructure between Merced and Bakersfield. Workers remain on the job while lawyers and politicians battle over the project’s future.

The visual progress stands in stark contrast to the political turmoil, with concrete structures rising from the valley floor and rail systems taking shape. For many observers, this creates a surreal dynamic where physical construction proceeds while the project’s financial foundation faces potential collapse.

The 37-Day Countdown

CHSRA now has 37 days from the FRA’s notice to provide a comprehensive response before potential grant termination. This timeline creates intense pressure for the Authority to not only defend its record but also present a convincing path forward that addresses federal concerns.

The Authority’s initial response suggests they’re prepared for a prolonged legal and political battle, with CEO Choudri’s statement indicating they view the termination threat as politically motivated rather than based on legitimate project management concerns.

Looking Ahead

As this infrastructure drama unfolds, several key questions remain:

Can CHSRA provide a convincing funding plan to close the $7 billion gap?
Will political considerations ultimately override technical project assessments?
How will this battle affect future federal-state infrastructure partnerships?
What happens to the billions already invested if the project is terminated?

The California High-Speed Rail project has survived numerous political challenges, funding crises, and technical setbacks over its 15-year history. Whether it can survive this latest existential threat may depend as much on political will as engineering capability.

For now, the trains aren’t running, but the political machinery is working overtime. The next few weeks will likely determine whether America’s most ambitious transportation project continues toward completion or becomes a costly lesson in infrastructure ambition versus political reality.

What do you think about this ongoing battle between state and federal authorities over high-speed rail? Have you been following the project’s progress, and do you see this as a necessary infrastructure investment or a project that’s gone too far off track? Leave a comment!

STM Daily News is a vibrant news blog dedicated to sharing the brighter side of human experiences. Emphasizing positive, uplifting stories, the site focuses on delivering inspiring, informative, and well-researched content. With a commitment to accurate, fair, and responsible journalism, STM Daily News aims to foster a community of readers passionate about positive change and engaged in meaningful conversations. Join the movement and explore stories that celebrate the positive impacts shaping our world.

https://stmdailynews.com/

Discover more from Daily News

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

Blog

Get Ready for Takeoff: The LAX/Metro Transit Center is Now Open!

“No traffic, no hassle – LAX/Metro Transit Center opens June 6, connecting LA directly to the airport via rail for the first time.”

Published

1 week ago

June 12, 2025

Rod Washington, Railfan Rod

A new era of seamless airport connectivity arrives in Los Angeles

Los Angeles, CA – The wait is finally over. After years of anticipation, the LAX/Metro Transit Center officially opened its doors on June 6, 2025, marking a transformative moment for Los Angeles transportation infrastructure. This isn’t just another transit station – it’s a game-changer that connects the sprawling metropolis directly to one of the world’s busiest airports.

From LA to LAX, Seamlessly

The new LAX/Metro Transit Center represents more than just concrete and steel; it’s the realization of a long-held dream for car-free airport access in Los Angeles. The station creates a direct connection between Metro’s C Line (Green) and K Line (Crenshaw/LAX) to LAX terminals via free airport shuttles, offering travelers a faster, more convenient alternative to navigating LA’s notorious traffic.

“No traffic, no hassle” – that’s the promise this new facility delivers to the millions of passengers who pass through LAX annually. For residents across LA County, this means saying goodbye to expensive parking fees, ride-share surge pricing, and the stress of driving in airport traffic.

A Transit Hub with Artistic Soul

The centerpiece of the LAX/Metro Transit Center is “The Distance of the Sun,” a breathtaking sculpture by artist Glenn Kaino. Suspended above the escalators, this spiral of real and imagined spacecraft symbolizes our collective dreams of exploration and connection – a fitting metaphor for a facility that literally connects ground to sky.

The artwork transforms what could have been just another utilitarian transit space into something that speaks to the human spirit of adventure and discovery. It’s these thoughtful touches that elevate public infrastructure from merely functional to truly inspiring.

What This Means for LA Communities

The opening of the LAX/Metro Transit Center extends far beyond convenience for air travelers. This facility represents a significant investment in sustainable transportation, reducing vehicle emissions and traffic congestion throughout the region. For communities along the C and K Lines, it opens up new employment opportunities at LAX and related businesses.

The economic ripple effects are substantial. Workers living in areas served by these rail lines now have direct, affordable access to one of LA’s largest employment centers. Similarly, tourists and business travelers can now explore neighborhoods throughout LA County without needing a rental car.

Getting There: Your Connection Options

The LAX/Metro Transit Center is accessible via:

Metro Rail Lines:

C Line (Green Line)
K Line (Crenshaw/LAX Line)

Metro Bus Lines: Multiple bus routes connect to the station, creating a comprehensive network that serves communities across LA County.

Other Transportation Services: The station also accommodates various other bus services, making it a true multimodal transportation hub.

What Travelers Can Expect

The facility features modern amenities designed with the traveler in mind:

Security cameras and enhanced lighting for safety
Real-time train arrival information
Clean, comfortable restrooms
A bike hub for cyclists
Climate-controlled waiting areas

Location: 9225 Aviation Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90045

A Celebration Worth Noting

To mark this historic opening, Metro offered free rides system-wide from Friday through Sunday during the opening weekend – a gesture that allowed the entire community to experience this new connection firsthand.

Looking Forward

The LAX/Metro Transit Center represents more than just improved airport access; it’s a symbol of Los Angeles’ commitment to sustainable, equitable transportation solutions. As the region continues to grow and evolve, infrastructure projects like this demonstrate how thoughtful planning can create connections that benefit entire communities.

For frequent flyers, daily commuters, and occasional travelers alike, the LAX/Metro Transit Center offers something that seemed impossible just a few years ago: a stress-free way to get to and from LAX. In a city where traffic is legendary, that’s nothing short of revolutionary.

The LAX/Metro Transit Center is located at 9225 Aviation Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90045. For trip planning and current schedules, visit metro.net.

https://stmdailynews.com/

Discover more from Daily News

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

City

Historic Day at Central and Baseline: South Phoenix Celebrates Light Rail Connection

Published

2 weeks ago

June 9, 2025

Rod Washington, Railfan Rod

South Phoenix Light Rail Extension

Standing at the Central and Baseline terminus on Saturday, June 7, 2025, I witnessed more than just a ribbon cutting ceremony – I watched a community celebrate the end of decades of waiting and the beginning of a new era of connectivity. More than 5,000 community members, federal, state, and local officials gathered at this southern terminus to mark the opening of the South Central Extension/Downtown Hub, transforming Valley Metro into Phoenix’s first-ever two-line rail system.

A Moment Decades in the Making

The energy at Central and Baseline was electric as speakers took the stage to commemorate this $1.34 billion achievement. What struck me most was how each speaker emphasized not just the infrastructure, but the human impact of finally connecting South Phoenix to the broader Valley.

Mayor Kate Gallego captured the significance perfectly: “The completion of this project marks an important new connection for residents and moves us closer to our goals as a sustainable and accessible city. This historic extension introduces the region’s first two-line rail system, creates safer streets and new bike lanes, and adds shade and public art– all while connecting more residents to jobs, education, entertainment and other amenities across the Valley.”

Her words resonated with the crowd because they spoke to something deeper than transportation – they spoke to equity, opportunity, and community empowerment.

Federal Partnership, Local Impact

U.S. Congressman Greg Stanton’s remarks highlighted the crucial federal-local partnership that made this project possible, with federal grants providing more than half of the $1.34 billion funding alongside Phoenix Transportation 2050 and regional Proposition 400 investments.

“Arizonans understand that these infrastructure investments make us more connected and more prosperous,” Stanton told the gathered crowd. “As we now look westward for future light rail expansion and anticipate the extensions of the streetcar line in the East Valley, we’re in a magical moment in Phoenix’s history, and we can only keep up this momentum if we keep investing in ourselves.”

His vision of continued expansion gave the celebration a forward-looking energy – this wasn’t just an ending, but a beginning.

@stmblog
South Phoenix celebrates new light rail connection, marking a historic milestone in equity, transit, and community investment. SouthPhoenix, LightRail, TransitEquity, ValleyMetro, CommunityConnection www.stmdailynews.com ♬ original sound – STMDailyNews

Community Voices Finally Heard

The most powerful moments came when local council members spoke about what this extension means to their constituents. Phoenix District 7 Councilwoman Anna Hernandez’s excitement was palpable as she addressed the crowd:

“I am excited for the opening of the South Central Extension! The residents of South Phoenix and District 7 have waited a long time for light rail and I am excited for how this new extension will connect South Phoenix with the rest of the city. A robust public transportation and light rail are the future for our city and I am excited for how South Phoenix residents will benefit.”

Phoenix District 8 Councilwoman Kesha Hodge Washington delivered perhaps the most emotionally resonant speech of the day, speaking directly to the historical significance of this moment:

“This grand opening marks a transformative moment for South Phoenix. The South Central Extension represents direct access to local businesses and a community that has historically been disconnected and overlooked. South Phoenix deserves investment, inclusion and infrastructure that lifts everyone around it, and that is the vision of the light rail extension.”

Her words captured what many in the crowd were feeling – this wasn’t just about trains, it was about recognition, respect, and long-overdue investment in their community.

Valley Metro’s Vision Realized

Valley Metro CEO Jessica Mefford-Miller’s remarks tied together the technical achievement with the community impact:

“Today we are celebrating 5.5 new rail miles and the transformation of Valley Metro Rail into a multi-line operation, creating an important new connection to South Phoenix. We built this project with the community to achieve their vision, and we will continue to advance the community’s vision to connect to the West and East Valleys, and bring greater mobility and economic opportunity to more of metro Phoenix.”

Her emphasis on building “with the community” was evident throughout the project, from the 18 public art installations created predominantly by local artists to the Small Business Financial Assistance Program that awarded over 270 grants totaling more than $1.6 million to corridor businesses.

Beyond the Speeches: Community Celebration

While the speeches provided the official framework for understanding this achievement, the real story was in the community celebration surrounding them. The “Cruisin’ Central” procession brought over 250 community participants together, while the lowrider and classic car show, local entertainers, and more than 60 local business pop-ups created a festival atmosphere that truly reflected South Phoenix’s character.

Standing at that terminus, watching families explore the new station, seeing local business owners setting up their booths, and witnessing the pride on faces throughout the crowd, it was clear this project succeeded in its most important goal – bringing a community together and giving them a reason to celebrate.

The Numbers Tell the Story

The extension will add more than 8,000 daily riders to Valley Metro’s system, which currently serves 32,000 boardings per day. But beyond ridership, the project created over 5,000 local jobs, with more than 600 workers hired directly from South Phoenix communities. Eight new stations, enhanced bike lanes, pedestrian pathways, over 550 new trees, and comprehensive utility upgrades that replaced more than 30 miles of underground infrastructure represent a complete community transformation.

A Foundation for the Future

As the ribbon cutting ceremony concluded and the first official rides began, it was clear that Saturday’s celebration at Central and Baseline represented more than just project completion. With the A line now running east/west and the B line traveling north/south, creating a true network with 12-minute weekday service before 7 p.m., Phoenix has built the foundation for continued expansion and economic growth.

The speeches from our elected officials weren’t just ceremonial – they were promises. Promises that South Phoenix would no longer be overlooked, that investment would continue, and that this extension would be the first of many connections that bind our community together.

Standing at that terminus, surrounded by thousands of neighbors celebrating this long-awaited achievement, I couldn’t help but think about all the daily journeys that will begin and end at this very spot. Every commute to work, every trip to school, every visit to family – they all represent the fulfillment of a community’s dreams and the power of persistent advocacy.

The rails are laid, the stations are open, and South Phoenix is finally connected.—

Source: Valley Metro

The Bridge is a section of the STM Daily News Blog meant for diversity, offering real news stories about bona fide community efforts to perpetuate a greater good. The purpose of The Bridge is to connect the divides that separate us, fostering understanding and empathy among different groups. By highlighting positive initiatives and inspirational actions, The Bridge aims to create a sense of unity and shared purpose. This section brings to light stories of individuals and organizations working tirelessly to promote inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect. Through these narratives, readers are encouraged to appreciate the richness of diverse perspectives and to participate actively in building stronger, more cohesive communities.

https://stmdailynews.com/the-bridge